Introduction to the Laws of the Prohibition of Lashon Hara and Rechilut · Positive Commandmentsfrom Chafetz Chaim

וְעַתָּה אַתְחִיל בְּעֶזְרַת ה' יִתְבָּרַךְ לְבָאֵר כַּמָה מִצְוֹת עָשִׂין, שֶׁעוֹבֵר עַל יְדֵי הַסִּפּוּר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע וּרְכִילוּת כְּמוֹ שֶׁיָּעַדְנוּ לְעֵיל, וְזֶה הֵחֵלִי בְּעֶזְרַת צוּרִי וְגוֹאֲלִי. הַמְרַגֵּל בַּחֲבֵרוֹ, מִלְּבַד הַלָּאוִין שֶׁמָנִינוּ לְעִיל, עוֹבֵר גַּם כֵּן עַל כַּמָה עַשִׂין, וַאֲבָאֲרֵם בְּעֶזְרַת ה' יִתְבָּרַךְ אֶחָד לְאֶחָד. עוֹבֵר עַל יְדֵי זֶה (א) עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה (דברים כ"ד ט') "זָכוֹר אֵת אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ לְמִרְיָם בַּדֶּרֶךְ" וְגוֹ', שֶׁהִזְהִירָנוּ הַתּוֹרָה בָּזֶה, שֶׁנִּזְכֹּר בַּפֶּה תָּמִיד הָעֹנֶשׁ הַגָּדוֹל, אֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה ה' יִתְבָּרַךְ לַצַדֶּקֶת מִרְיָם הַנְּבִיאָה שֶׁלֹּא דִּבְּרָה אֶלָּא בְּאָחִיהָ אֲשֶׁר אָהֲבַתְהוּ כְּנַפְשָׁה, וְגִדְּלַתְהוּ עַל בִּרְכֶּיהָ, וְסִכְּנָה עַצְמָה לְהַצִילוֹ מִן הַיָּם, וְהִיא לֹא דִּבְּרָה בִּגְנוּתוֹ אֶלָּא מַה שֶּׁהִשְׁוְתָה אוֹתוֹ לִשְׁאָר נְבִיאִים, וְלֹא דִּבְּרָה בְּפָנָיו שֶׁיֵּבוֹשׁ וְלֹא בִּפְנֵי רַבִּים, רַק בֵּינָה לְבֵין אָחִיהָ הַקָדוֹשׁ בְּצִנְעָה, וְהוּא לֹא הִקְפִּיד עַל כָּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלּוּ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר י"ב ג'): "וְהָאִישׁ משֶה עָנָו מְאֹד", וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן לֹא הוֹעִילוּהָ כָּל מַעֲשֶׂיהָ הַטוֹבִים וְנֶעֶנְשָׁה בְּצָרַעַת עַל זֶה, קַל וָחֹמֶר לִשְׁאָר בְּנֵי אָדָם הַטִפְּשִׁים, הַמַרְבִּים לְדַבֵּר גְּדוֹלוֹת וְנִפְלָאוֹת עַל חַבְרֵיהֶם, שֶׁבְּוַדַּאי יֵעָנְשׁוּ עַל זֶה מְאֹד.

And now I shall begin, with the help of the Blessed L–rd to explain how many positive commandments one transgresses in speaking lashon hara and rechiluth, as we projected above. One who bears tales against his friend, aside from transgressing the negative commandments we mentioned above, also transgresses several positive commandments, which I shall explain, with the help of the Blessed One, one by one. (1) He transgresses thereby (Devarim 24:9): "Remember what the L–rd your G–d did to Miriam on the way when you went out of Egypt." The Torah exhorted us hereby that we mention verbally, always, the great punishment [leprosy] that the Blessed L–rd brought upon the tzadeketh, Miriam the prophetess — who spoke only about her brother, whom she loved as her soul, whom she raised on her knees, and for whom she endangered her life, to rescue him from the Nile. And she did not speak in denigration of him, but only compared him to other prophets. And she did not speak so to his face to shame him, and not in public, but only to her brother Aaron, privately. And he [Moses] was not offended by all this, viz. (Bamidbar 12:3): "And the man Moses was extremely humble, more than any man on the face of the earth" — in spite of which all her good deeds did not avail her and she was punished with leprosy for this. How much more so will other people, the fools, who are prolix in speaking "great and awesome things" against their friends, be severely punished for this.

וְעוֹבֵר (ב) עַל יְדֵי הַסִפּוּר הַזֶּה גַּם עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה (ויקרא י"ט י"ח): "וְאָהַבְתָּ לְרֵעֲךָ כָּמוֹךָ", שֶׁנִּצְטַוֵּינוּ בָּזֶה לָחוּס עַל מָמוֹן חֲבֵרוֹ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁהוּא חָס עַל שֶׁל עַצְמוֹ, וְלָחוּס עַל כְּבוֹד חֲבֵרוֹ וּלְסַפֵּר בְּשִׁבְחוֹ, כְּמוֹ שֶׁהוּא חוֹשֵׁשׁ עַל כְּבוֹד עַצְמוֹ, וְהַמְסַפֵּר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע וּרְכִילוּת עַל חֲבֵרוֹ, אוֹ הַמְקַבֵּל, אַף אִם הַדָּבָר אֱמֶת, נִרְאֶה בַּעֲלִיל שֶׁאֵינוֹ אוֹהֲבוֹ כְּלָל, וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן דְּכָמוֹךָ בְּוַדַּאי אֵינוֹ מְקַיֵּם. וְהָרְאָיָה הַגְּדוֹלָה עַל זֶה, דַּהֲלֹא כָּל אָדָם יוֹדֵעַ אֶת נִגְעֵי עַצְמוֹ, וְאַף עַל פִּי כֵן אֵינוֹ רוֹצֶה בְּשׁוּם אֹפֶן, שֶׁחֲבֵרוֹ יֵדַע מִזֶּה אַף אֶחָד מֵאָלֶף. וְאַף אִם אֵרַע, שֶׁנּוֹדַע מְעַט מֵחֶסְרוֹנוֹתָיו אֵצֶל חֲבֵרוֹ, וַחֲבֵרוֹ הוֹלֵךְ וּמְסַפֵּר זֶה לַאֲנָשִׁים, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן הוּא עוֹמֵד וּמְצַפֶּה, הַלְוַאי שֶׁיִּתֵּן ה' שֶׁלֹּא יְקַבְּלוּ אֶת דְּבָרָיו וְלֹא יַאֲמִינוּ לוֹ, וְהַכּל כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִתְחַזֵּק בְּעֵינֵיהֶם לְאָדָם שֶׁאֵינוֹ הָגוּן, אַף דְּהוּא יוֹדֵעַ בְּעַצְמוֹ הַרְבֵּה וְהַרְבֵּה מֵהָעֲוֹנוֹת, יוֹתֵר מִמַה שֶׁסִפֵּר חֲבֵרוֹ עָלָיו, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן מֵרוֹב הָאַהֲבָה שֶׁהוּא אוֹהֵב אֶת עַצְמוֹ, נִדְחֶה הַכֹּל מֵחֲמַת זֶה. כֵּן בְּאֹפֶן זֶה מַמָשׁ צָרִיךְ עַל פִּי הַתּוֹרָה לַעֲשׂוֹת לְרֵעֵהוּ, לָחוּס עַל כְּבוֹדוֹ בְּכָל הָאֳפָנִים. וְלֹא לְחִנָּם כָּתְבָה לָנוּ הַתּוֹרָה מַעֲשֶׂה דְּנֹחַ (בראשית ט' כ"א-כ"ב): "וַיֵּשְׁתְּ וַיִּשְׁכָּר וַיִּתְגַּל וְגוֹ' וַיַּרְא חָם וְגוֹ' וְשֵׁם וְיֶפֶת כִּסוּ אֶת עֶרְוַת אֲבִיהֶם", וְגַם סִפְּרָה לָנוּ התּוֹרָה אֶת הַבְּרָכָה שֶׁבֵּרְכָם נֹחַ וְנִתְקַיְּמָה לְבַסּוֹף, לְהַרְאוֹת לָנוּ אֶת גְּדֻלַּת הַמִדָּה הַזֹּאת, שֶׁצָרִיךְ הָאָדָם לְחַפּוֹת עַל גְּנוּת חֲבֵרוֹ בְּכָל כֹּחוֹ כְּמוֹ עַל שֶׁל עַצְמוֹ.

(2) And he [the speaker of lashon hara] also transgresses (Vayikra 19:18): "And you shall love your neighbor as yourself," whereby we have been commanded to be as solicitous for our friend's money as we are for our own, and to be solicitous of his honor, and to speak in his praise, as we are solicitous for our own honor. And if one speaks or receives lashon hara and rechiluth against his friend, though it be true, it is apparent that he does not love him at all — how much more so is he in violation of "as yourself!" And the great proof of this [that he is in violation of "as yourself"] is as follows: Does not every man know his own shortcomings? — in spite of which he would not want his friend to know, under any circumstances, even one thousandth of them! And even if it happens that a few of his faults become known to his friend, who goes and speaks of them to others — how he stands and waits, wishing the L–rd to grant that they not accept his words and not believe him! And all so that he not be seen in their eyes as unworthy — even though he knows himself to be guilty of very many sins, far more than his friend has revealed. In spite of this, in the access of his self-love, everything is swept away. Thus, exactly in this way must one conduct himself vis-à-vis his friend according to the Torah, to be solicitous of his honor in every respect. And not in vain did the Torah relate to us the episode of Noach, viz. (Bereshith 9:21-23): "And he drank from the wine and he was inebriated and he uncovered himself in the midst of his tent. And Cham the father of Canaan saw the nakedness of his father and he told his two brothers outside. And Shem and Yefeth took the garment and placed it on the shoulders of both and they covered the nakedness of their father, and their faces were [kept] turned backwards [when they drew near him to cover him], and the nakedness of their father they did not see." And the Torah also relates to us the blessing by which Noach blessed them (viz. Ibid 26-27) and which was ultimately realized — to reveal to us the greatness of this attribute, that one must cover up any unseemliness in his friend with all of his power, just as he would for himself!

וְלִפְעָמִים עוֹבֵר נַמֵי (ג) בְּמִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה דִּ"בְצֶדֶק תִּשְׁפֹּט עֲמִיתֶךָ". כְּגוֹן שֶׁרָאָה אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ שֶׁדִּבֵּר אוֹ עָשָׂה מַעֲשֶׂה, וְיֵשׁ בַּדָּבָר הַזֶּה לְשָׁפְטוֹ לְצַד הַטוֹב וּלְצַד הַזְּכוּת אוֹ לְהֶפְכוֹ, אֲפִלּוּ אִם הוּא אִישׁ בֵּינוֹנִי, נִתְחַיַּבְנוּ מִן הַתּוֹרָה בְּמִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה הַזּוֹ לָדוּן אוֹתוֹ לְכַף זְכוּת. (וְאִם הָאִישׁ הַהוּא יְרֵא אֱלֹקִים, נִתְחַיַּבְנוּ לָדוּן אוֹתוֹ לְכַף זְכוּת, גַּם כִּי קָרוֹב וְנוֹטֶה יוֹתֵר הַדָּבָר לְכַף חוֹבָה מִלְּכַף זְכוּת) וּמִי שֶׁהוֹלֵךְ וּמְסַפֵּר בִּגְנוּתוֹ עֲבוּר הַדִּבּוּר הַזֶּה שֶׁדִּבֵּר אוֹ הַמַעֲשֶׂה הַזֶּה שֶׁעָשָׂה, אוֹ הַמְקַבֵּל, שֶׁנִּתְחַזֵּק אֶצְלוֹ לִגְנוּת, עֲבוּר זֶה שֶׁשָּׁמַע עָלָיו, וְלֹא דָּן אוֹתוֹ לְכַף זְכוּת, עוֹבֵר בְּמִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה זוֹ.

(3) And sometimes he also transgresses (Vayikra 19:15): "In righteousness shall you judge your neighbor." For example, if one sees his friend saying something or doing something, which may be perceived as righteous and meritorious or as the reverse, even if he [his friend] is a mediocre person, we are obligated by the Torah in this positive commandment to judge him in the scales of merit. (And if that man is G–d-fearing, we are obligated to judge him in the scales of merit even if they incline more to guilt than to merit.) And one who goes and speaks demeaningly of him because of this thing that he said or that he did, or the receiver [of these words], who perceives him negatively because of what he has heard about him, and does not judge him in the scales of merit, transgresses this positive commandment.

וְאִם עַל יְדֵי סִפּוּרוֹ הַלָשׁוֹן הָרָע אוֹ הָרְכִילוּת הִשְׁפִּיל אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ, עַד שֶׁאִבֵּד מִחְיָתוֹ עַל יְדֵי זֶה, (ד) כְּגוֹן שֶׁמִפְּנֵי רֹעַ לְבָבוֹ פִּרְסֵם עַל חֲבֵרוֹ, שֶׁאֵינוֹ אִישׁ מְהֵימָן, אוֹ אִם הוּא בַּעַל מְלָאכָה, פִּרְסֵם עָלָיו שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לַמְלָאכָה הַהִיא, וְכָל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּהּ, עוֹבֵר גַּם כֵּן עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כ"ה ל"ה): "גֵּר וְתוֹשָׁב וָחַי עִמָךְ" וְנֶאֱמַר (ויקרא כ"ה ל"ו): "וְחֵי אָחִיךָ עִמָךְ", שֶׁנִּצְטַוֵּינוּ בָּזֶה לְהַחֲזִיק בְּיַד יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁמָךְ, וְלִתֵּן לוֹ מַתָּנָה אוֹ הַלְוָאָה אוֹ לַעֲשׂוֹת עִמוֹ שֻׁתָּפוּת אוֹ לְהַמְצִיא לוֹ מְלָאכָה, כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּתְחַזֵּק בָּזֶה וְלֹא יִפֹּל וְיִצְטָרֵךְ לַבְּרִיּוֹת, וְעַל אַחַת כַּמָה וְכַמָה דִּמְצֻוִּין אָנוּ, שֶׁלֹּא לִגְרֹם לוֹ שֶׁיְּאַבֵּד מִחְיָתוֹ.

(4) And if through his lashon hara or rechiluth he lowers his friend so that he loses his livelihood as a result, as when through evil-heartedness he publicizes his friend as being dishonest, or, if he is a worker, as being unfit for his work, or the like, he also transgresses (Vayikra 25:35): "And if your brother grows poor and his hand falls with you, then you shall uphold him [even if he be], proselyte or sojourner; and he shall live with you." And (Ibid 16): "And your brother shall live with you," whereby we have been commanded to uphold the hand of an Israelite who has fallen ["on hard times,"], either by giving him a gift or a loan, or by going into partnership with him, or by finding a job for him, so that he be strengthened thereby and not fall and be beholden to men. How much more so are we commanded not to cause him to lose his livelihood!

וְלִפְעָמִים עוֹבֵר עַל יְדֵי קַבָּלָתוֹ אֶת הַלָשׁוֹן הָרָע אוֹ הָרְכִילוּת גַּם עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה (ויקרא י"ט ט"ז) דְּ"הוֹכֵחַ תּוֹכִיחַ", (ה) כְּגוֹן אִם רוֹאֶה שֶׁחֲבֵרוֹ מַתְחִיל לְסַפֵּר לוֹ בִּגְנוּת חֲבֵרוֹ וְהוּא יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁדְּבָרָיו יִהְיוּ נִשְׁמָעִין לְהַמְסַפֵּר, וַאֲפִלּוּ אִם סָפֵק לוֹ בָּזֶה, מְחֻיָּב מִן הַדִּין לְהוֹכִיחוֹ, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִגְמֹר הַחֵטְא. וְלָכֵן אִם מַנִּיחוֹ לִגְמֹר סִפּוּרוֹ הָרַע עַל חֲבֵרוֹ, בְּוַדַּאי עוֹבֵר עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה זוֹ .

(5) And sometimes, by accepting the lashon hara or the rechiluth, he also transgresses (Ibid 19:16): "Reprove shall you reprove your neighbor." As when he sees his friend beginning to speak demeaningly of another, and he knows that his words [of reproof] will be accepted by his friend (or even if there is a possibility that they will be accepted), the din is that he must reprove him so that the sin not be consummated. Therefore, if he allows him to consummate his lashon hara, he certainly transgresses this positive commandment.

וְכָל זֶה שֶׁכָּתַבְנוּ הוּא אֲפִלּוּ אִם מְסַפֵּר דִּבְרֵי גְּנוּת עַל חֲבֵרוֹ בֵּינוֹ לְבֵין עַצְמוֹ, אֲבָל אִם מְדַבֵּק אֶת עַצְמוֹ לַחֲבוּרָה שֶׁל אַנְשֵׁי רֶשַׁע וּבַעֲלֵי לָשׁוֹן הָרָע כְּדֵי לְסַפֵּר לָהֶם דִּבְרֵי גְּנוּת עַל חֲבֵרוֹ אוֹ כְּדֵי לִשְׁמֹעַ מֵהֶם, (ו) עוֹבֵר גַּם עַל הַמִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁל (דברים י' ב'): "וּבוֹ תִדְבָּק", וּבָא הַפֵּרוּשׁ עַל זֶה בְּדִבְרֵי חֲזַ"ל (כְּתֻבּוֹת קי"א), לְהִתְדַּבֵּק בְּחַכְמֵי הַתּוֹרָה וּלְהַתְמִיד בִּישִׁיבָתָם בְּכָל אֹפֶן מֵהָאֳפָנִים, אֲפִלּוּ לֶאֱכֹל וְלִשְׁתּוֹת עִם תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים וְלַעֲשׂוֹת פְּרַקְמַטְיָא לְתַלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים וּלְהִתְדַּבֵּק עִמָהֶן בְּכָל מִינֵי חִבּוּר, וְהַכָּל כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּלְמֹד מִמַעֲשֵׂיהֶן. וְלָכֵן בְּוַדַּאי, מִי שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה הֶפֶךְ זֶה, שֶׁמְדַבֵּק עַצְמוֹ עִם חֲבוּרָה שֶׁל רְשָׁעִים, עוֹבֵר עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה זוֹ .

(6) And all that we have written applies even if he speaks demeaningly of his friend to him [alone]. But if he joins himself to a company of men of wickedness and speakers of lashon hara in order to speak to them demeaningly of his friend or to hear [such words] from them, he transgresses also (Devarim 10:20): "And to Him shall you cleave," which Chazal explain as cleaving to Torah scholars, frequenting their assemblies in all circumstances — even eating and drinking with Torah scholars and doing business with them and joining them in all types of activities — all this, in order to learn from their deeds. Therefore, certainly, one who does the opposite of this, joining himself to a company of wicked men, transgresses this positive commandment.

וְכָל זֶה אֲפִלּוּ (ז) שֶׁלֹּא בְּבֵית הַמִדְרָשׁ, אֲבָל אִם מְדַבֵּר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע וּרְכִילוּת בְּבֵית הַמִדְרָשׁ אוֹ בְּבֵית הַכְּנֶסֶת, עוֹבֵר עוֹד עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה (ויקרא י"ט ל'): "וּמִקְדָּשִׁי תִּירָאוּ" וּבֵית הַמִדְרָשׁ שֶׁלָּנוּ גַּם כֵּן בִּכְלַל מִקְדָּשׁ הוּא, כְּמוֹ שֶׁמְבֹאָר בַּפּוֹסְקִים, וְנִצְטַוֵּינוּ בְּזֶה הַפָּסוּק לִירֹא, מְמִי שֶׁשּׁוֹכֵן בּוֹ, וְלָכֵן אֵין מְחַשְּׁבִין בּוֹ חֶשְׁבּוֹנוֹת, כִּי אִם שֶׁל מִצְוָה, כְּגוֹן קֻפָּה שֶׁל צְדָקָה וְכַדּוֹמֶה, וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן דְּאָסוּר בָּהֶם שְׂחוֹק וְהִתּוּל וְשִׂיחָה בְּטֵלָה, וְלֹא מוֹעִיל בָּזֶה שׁוּם תְּנַאי, כַּמְבֹאָר בְּשֻׁלְחָן עָרוּךְ אֹרַח חַיִּים (בסימן קנ"א סעיף י"א). וְעַל אַחַת כַּמָה וְכַמָה דְּאָסוּר לְדַבֵּר בָּהֶם לְשׁוֹן הָרָע אוֹ רְכִילוּת מִפְּנֵי אֵימַת ה' יִתְבָּרַךְ הַשּׁוֹכֵן בּוֹ, לְבַד מֵאִסוּרוֹ הֶחָמוּר הָעַצְמִי, וּבָזֶה שֶׁמְדַבֵּר, מַרְאֶה בְּעַצְמוֹ שֶׁאֵינוֹ מַאֲמִין שֶׁהַקָדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא יַשְׁרֶה שְׁכִינָתוֹ בַּבַּיִת הַזֶּה, וּלְכָךְ הוּא מֵעִיז פָּנָיו אֲפִלּוּ לְדַבֵּר בְּבֵית הַמֶלֶךְ שֶׁלֹּא כִּרְצוֹן הַמֶלֶךְ וַאֲפִלּוּ הלּוֹמְדֵי תּוֹרָה בִּקְבִיעוּת בְּבֵיתּ הַמִדְרָשׁ, שֶׁהֻתַּר לָהֶם לֶאֱכֹל וְלִשְׁתּוֹת בְּבֵית הַמִדְרָשׁ, כַּמְבֹאָר בְּאֹרַח חַיִּים בַּסִימָן הַנַּ"ל (סעיף א'), מִכָּל מָקוֹם, אִם יִהְיוּ נִכְשָׁלִין בְּאִסוּר שְׂחוֹק וְהִתּוּל אוֹ לָשׁוֹן הָרָע וּרְכִילוּת בְּבֵית הַמִדְרָשׁ, הֵם עוֹבְרִים עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה דְּ"מִקְדָּשִׁי תִּירָאוּ", לְבַד מֵאִסּוּרוֹ הָעַצְמִי, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַב הַ"מָגֵן אַבְרָהָם" (בסימן קנ"א סעיף קטן ב'), דְּאָטוּ (וכי) הַתַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים אֵינָם מֻזְהָרִין עַל מוֹרָא הַמִקְדָּשׁ, וְלֹא הֻתַּר לָהֶם, אֶלָּא אֲכִילָה וּשְׁתִיָּה מִדֹּחַק, מִתּוֹךְ שֶׁהֵם לוֹמְדִים בְּבֵית הַמִדְרָשׁ, אִם יִצְטָרְכוּ לֶאֱכל וְלִשְׁתּוֹת חוּץ לְבֵית הַמִדְרָשׁ, יִתְבַּטְלוּ עַל יְדֵי זֶה מִלִּמוּדָם, עַיֵּן שָׁם בַּ"מָגֵן אַבְרָהָם". וּלְעִנְיַן סְתַם דִּבּוּרִים, שֶׁאֵינָם שֶׁל לֵיצָנוּת, לְתַלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים בְּבֵית הַמִדְרָשׁ, עַיֵּן בְּמַה שֶּׁכָּתַבְנוּ בְּעֶזְרַת ה' בְּחֵלֶק ג' .

(7) And all this, even if not in the house of study. But if one speaks lashon hara and rechiluth in the house of study or in the house of prayer, he also transgresses (Vayikra 19:30): "And My sanctuary shall you fear." (Our house of study is included in the category of the sanctuary, as explained by the poskim.) And we have been commanded by this verse to fear the One who resides there, wherefore we may make there only reckonings of mitzvah, such as [those pertaining to] the tzedakah fund and the like. How much more so is it forbidden to engage there in laughter, joking, and idle converse. And this is a categorical prohibition, as explained in Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim 151:11. And even more so is it forbidden to speak there lashon hara or rechiluth, out of fear of the Blessed L–rd who dwells there, aside from the grave issur in itself [of speaking lashon hara]. In speaking thus, one shows himself not to believe that the Holy One Blessed be He reposes His Shechinah in this house — whereby he has the audacity to speak in the house of the King against the will of the King. And even those who study Torah regularly in the house of study, where they are permitted to eat and drink (as explained in the aforementioned Orach Chaim, section 1), in any event, if they go astray in the issur of laughing and joking or lashon hara and rechiluth in the house of study, they transgress the positive commandment of "My sanctuary shall you fear," aside from the issur itself. As the Magen Avraham wrote (151:2): "Are the Torah scholars not exhorted in respect to fear of the sanctuary? All that was permitted them, perforce, is eating and drinking because they learn in the house of study. If they had to eat and drink outside the house of study, their studies would be interrupted." (As far as converse in general which is not talk of levity for Torah scholars in the house of study, see what we have written with the help of the L–rd in Part Three.)

וְאִם עַל מִי שֶׁמְסַפֵּר הַלָשׁוֹן הָרָע אוֹ הָרְכִילוּת הוּא זָקֵן, וְגִנָּהוּ בָּזֶה בְּפָנָיו, (ח) אֲפִלּוּ הוּא זָקֵן עַם הָאָרֶץ, עוֹבֵר עוֹד עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה (ויקרא י"ט ל"ב) דְ"וְהָדַרְתָּ פְּנֵי זָקֵן", (וְאַף שֶׁזָּקֵן דִּקְרָא הַיְנוּ חָכָם, הַאי וְהָדַרְתָּ פֵּרְשׁוּ רַזַ"ל דְּאַ"שֵּׂיבָה" דִּלְפָנָיו נַמֵי קָאֵי) , שֶׁהִדּוּר הוּא כִּבּוּד דְּבָרִים, דְּהַיְנוּ לְדַבֵּר לוֹ בְּדֶרֶךְ כָּבוֹד וְאַדְנוּת. וּבְמָקוֹם שֶׁמְגַנֵּהוּ, בְּוַדַּאי אֵינוֹ מְהַדְּרוֹ. וְכֵן אִם הוּא חָכָם, אֲפִלּוּ אֵינוֹ זָקֵן, עוֹבֵר גַּם כֵּן עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה זוֹ, דְּזָקֵן דִּקְרָא הַיְנוּ חָכָם, כִּדְדָרְשִׁינַן: זֶה שֶׁקָנָה חָכְמָה (וּלְבַד מַה שֶּׁכַּמָה פְּעָמִים בָּא עַל יְדֵי זֶה לָאִסוּר הֶחָמוּר, דִּמְבַזֶּה תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים, שֶׁנִּכְנָס בָּזֶה בִּכְלַל אֶפִּיקוֹרֵס עַל פִּי דִּין, וּלְקַמָן נַאֲרִיךְ בָּזֶה אִם יִרְצֶה ה'). וְאִם הוּא זָקֵן וְגַם חָכָם, עוֹבֵר עַל מִצְוַת "וְהָדַרְתָּ" בְּכִפְלַיִם.

8) And if the one before whom he spoke lashon hara or rechiluth were an elder and he demeaned him with this to his face, even if he were an elderly ignoramus, he also transgresses (Vayikra 19:32): "And you shall honor the face of the elder." (And even though the "elder" of the verse refers to one who is wise, Chazal have explained that "And you shall honor" also reverts to "the hoary head" (seivah) that precedes it), for "honor" refers to honoring with words, i.e., speaking to him with honor and respect. And if he demeans him, he certainly does not honor him. Likewise, if he is wise, even if he is not elderly, he also transgresses this positive commandment. For the "elder" [zaken] of the verse refers to a sage, as it is expounded: [zaken] "he who has acquired wisdom" (aside from his coming many times to transgress thereby the graver issur of shaming a Torah scholar, thereby entering the category of apikores [heretic] according to the din. We shall enlarge upon this, the L–rd willing.) And if he is an elder and also a sage, he transgresses "And you shall honor" doubly.

וְאִם עַל מִי שֶׁמְסַפֵּר הוּא כֹּהֵן, וְגִנָּהוּ בָּזֶה בְּפָנָיו, (ט) עוֹבֵר גַּם כֵּן עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה (ויקרא כ"א ח') דִּ "וְקִדַּשְׁתּוֹ". שֶׁנִּצְטַוֵּינוּ בָּזֶה לִנְהֹג בָּהֶן כָּבוֹד הַרְבֵּה, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁמְדַבֵּר עָלָיו לָשׁוֹן הָרָע אוֹ רְכִילוּת וּמְבַזֵּהוּ, בָּזֶה בְּוַדַּאי אֵינוֹ מְכַבְּדוֹ וְעוֹבֵר.

(9) And if he whom he spoke about were a Cohein, and he demeaned him thus to his face, he also transgresses (Vayikra 21:8): "And you shall sanctify him," whereby we have been exhorted to accord them [the Cohanim] much honor. And since he speaks lashon hara or rechiluth against him and shames him, he certainly does not honor him thereby, and he transgresses.

וְאִם הוּא אָחִיו הַגָּדוֹל (י) אוֹ בַּעַל אִמוֹ אוֹ אֵשֶׁת אָבִיו, עוֹבֵר גַּם כֵּן עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה דְּכִבּוּד, דְּאִתְרַבּוּ מֵרִבּוּיָא (שמות כ' י"ב) דִּ"וְאֶת", כִּדְאָמְרִינַן בִּכְתֻבּוֹת (דף ק"ג) וְכָל שֶׁכֵּן אִם, חַס וְשָׁלוֹם, עַל אָבִיו וְאִמוֹ מַמָשׁ, דְּוַדַּאי עוֹבֵר עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה דְּכִבּוּד אָב וָאֵם. מִלְּבַד כָּל זֶה עוֹבֵר גַּם כֵּן עַל (דברים כ"ז ט"ז): "אָרוּר מַקְלֶה אָבִיו וְאִמוֹ", ה' יִשְׁמְרֵנוּ.

(10) And if he [the one spoken against] were his older brother, or his mother's husband or his father's wife, he also transgresses the positive commandment of "honoring," their having been included [in this mitzvah by the addition of "ve'eth", [(Shemoth 20:12): "Honor your father and [ve'eth] your mother," as explained in Kethuvoth 103a)]. How much more so — if, G–d forbid, [he speaks lashon hara] against his father or mother themselves, where he certainly transgresses the positive commandment of honoring father and mother — [is such lashon hara especially egregious]! Aside from all this, he also transgresses (Devarim 27:16): "Cursed is he who demeans his father and his mother" — may Heaven protect us!

וְעַל כֻּלָּם עוֹבֵר (יא) עוֹד עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה (דברים ו' י"ג) דְּ"אֶת ה' אֱלֹקֶיךָ תִּירָא", שֶׁהֻזְהַרְנוּ בָּזֶה לִירֹא מִלִּפְנֵי ה' יִתְבָּרַךְ כָּל יְמֵי חַיֵּינוּ, וּבְבוֹא מַעְשֶׂה לְיָדֵינוּ, נִתְחַיַּבְנוּ לְהָעִיר אֶת רוּחֵנוּ בְּאוֹתוֹ הַפֶּרֶק, שֶׁהַקָדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא מַשְׁגִּיחַ בְּכָל מַעֲשֵׂה בְּנֵי אָדָם, וְיָשִׁיב לָהֶם נָקָם כְּפִי רוֹעַ הַמַעֲשֶׂה, וְעַל יְדֵי זֶה יִמָנַע מִלַּעֲבֹר עַל דַּעַת קוֹנוֹ, וּבְוַדַּאי מִי שֶׁמַפְקִיר אֶת נַפְשׁוֹ לֶעָוֹן הֶחָמוּר הַזֶּה שֶׁל לָשׁוֹן הָרָע וּרְכִילוּת, בִּטֵל עֲשֵׂה זוֹ.

(11) And in all instances, he also transgresses (Devarim 6:13): "The L–rd your G–d shall you fear," whereby we have been exhorted to fear the Blessed L–rd all the days of our life. And, when an act [of transgression] comes to hand, we are obligated to arouse our spirit at that time [to the realization that] the Holy One Blessed be He observes the deeds of all men, and "returns them vengeance" according to the evil of the deed; and [in this realization] he will keep from transgressing the will of his Maker. And, of a certainty, one who abandons his soul to this grave transgression of lashon hara and rechiluth violates this positive commandment [of fearing the L–rd].

וְעַל כֻּלָּם (יב) עוֹבֵר בְּזֶה הַזְּמַן שֶׁל סִפּוּר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע וּרְכִילוּת עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁל לִמוּד תּוֹרָה, שֶׁהִיא מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה גְּמוּרָה, כְּמוֹ שֶׁמְפֹרָשׁ בָּרַמְבַּ"ם בְּהִלְכוֹת תַּלְמוּד תּוֹרָה (פרק א') וּבְסֵפֶר הַמִצְוֹת שֶׁלּוֹ (מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה י"א) וּבְכָל מוֹנֵי הַמִצְוֹת. וְאֵין קֵץ לִשְׂכַר מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה זוֹ, שֶׁהִיא שְׁקוּלָה כְּנְגֶד כָּל המִצְוֹת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁמְפֹרָשׁ בְּמִשְׁנָה דְּפֵאָה (פרק א' משנה א') וּבִירוּשַׁלְמִי פֶּרֶק א' דְּפֵאָה (הַלָכה א'), שֶׁכָּל הַמִצְוֹת אֵינָן שָׁווֹת לְדִבּוּר אֶחָד מִן הַתּוֹרָה, וּלְהֶפֶךְ, עֹנֶשׁ בִּטוּלָה שָׁקוּל כְּנֶגֶד כָּל הָעֲוֹנוֹת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמְרוּ חֲזַ"ל (פתיחה, דאיכה רבתי אות ב'): וִתֵּר הַקָדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עַל עֲוֹן עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה וְגִלּוּי עֲרָיוֹת וּשְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים, וְלֹא וִתֵּר עַל עֲוֹן בִּטוּל תּוֹרָה. וּשְׁאָרֵי זְמַנִּים לִפְעָמִים יוֹצֵא הָאָדָם נָקִי מִזֶּה הֶעָוֹן מִדִּין שֶׁל מַעְלָה, עֲבוּר שֶׁעָסַק בְּפַרְנָסָתוֹ, אוֹ שֶׁמְחַשֵׁב בְּרַעֲיוֹנָיו בְּאֵיזֶה אֹפֶן לְהַשִּׂיג אֶת מִחְיָתוֹ , אֲבָל בְּעֵת שֶׁמְסַפֵּר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע אוֹ רְכִילוּת, מַה תּוֹעֶלֶת יַגִּיעַ לוֹ בְּפַרְנָסָתוֹ מִזֶּה? וְגַם עוֹבֵר בָּעֵת הַזֶּה שֶׁל סִפּוּרוֹ עַל כַּמָה לָאוִין גַּם כֵּן, כַּמְבֹאָר בַּסְמָ"ג (בלא תעשה י"ג), עַיֵּן שָׁם, שֶׁהֻזְהַרְנוּ מִן הַתּוֹרָה בְּכַמָה לָאוִין, שֶׁלֹּא לִפְרֹש מִן הַתּוֹרָה בְּשׁוּם פָּנִים, כִּי בְּאֵיזֶה אֹפֶן שֶׁהוּא יָכוֹל לְקַיֵּם מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה דְּתוֹרָה, אִם הוּא לַמְדָּן גָּדוֹל, לְפִי לִמוּדוֹ, וְאַף אִם הוּא אִישׁ שֶׁאֵינוֹ לַמְדָּן, גַּם הוּא יָכוֹל לִלְמֹד סִפְרֵי קֹדֶשׁ הַמָעְתָּקִים לִלְשׁוֹן אַשְׁכְּנַז בִּזְמַנֵּנוּ, כְּגוֹן "חוֹבוֹת הַלְּבָבוֹת" וּ"מְנוֹרַת הַמָאוֹר" וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה, הַמַכְנִיסִים בִּלְבַב הָאָדָם יִרְאָתוֹ שֶׁל הַקָדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, וְלֹא לֵישֵׁב בָּטֵל מִן הַתּוֹרָה וּלְסַפֵּר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע וּרְכִילוּת. וְכֵן רָאִיתִי כָּתוּב בְּשֵׁם הַגְּרָ"א (קול אליהו החדש, אבות פרק ג'), שֶׁפֵּרֵשׁ מַהוּ דִּין וּמַהוּ חֶשְׁבּוֹן, וּפֵרֵשׁ: דִּין הַיְנוּ עַל עֲבֵרָה עַצְמָה, וְחֶשְׁבּוֹן הַיְנוּ שֶׁמְחַשְּׁבִין עִמוֹ בְּעֵת הַדִּין עַל הַזְּמַן שֶׁעָבַר עֲבֵרָה, שֶׁהָיָה יָכוֹל לְקַיֵּם מִצְוָה. וְאוֹי לָנוּ מִיּוֹם הַדִּין, מַה נַּעֲנֶה, אֲפִלּוּ אִם רַק יַחְשֹׁב הַקָדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא עִמָנוּ עַל כָּל רֶגַע וְרֶגַע, שֶׁדִּבַּרְנוּ שִׂיחָה בְּטֵלָה שֶׁל גְּנַאי וְקַלּוּת ראשׁ אוֹ רְכִילוּת וְלָשׁוֹן הָרָע עַל הֶעָוֹן שֶׁל פְּרִישַׁת הַתּוֹרָה בְּזֶה הַזְּמַן בִּלְבַד, כִּי בֶּאֱמֶת בְּכָל תֵּבָה וְתֵבָה שֶׁל לִמוּד הַתּוֹרָה הוּא מְקַיֵּם מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָה, וְאִם לוֹמֵד פֶּרֶק מִשְׁנָיוֹת אוֹ דַּף גְּמָרָא, הוּא מְקַיֵּם כַּמָה מֵאוֹת מִצְוֹת כְּמוֹ שֶׁכָּתַב הַגְּרָ"א זַ"ל בִּשְׁנוֹת אֵלִיָּהוּ פֶּרֶק א' דְּפֵאָה (משׁנה א' בפרוש הארוך) בְּשֵׁם הַיְרוּשַׁלְמִי, וְאִם כֵּן נָבוֹא לְחֶשְׁבּוֹן כַּמָה אֲלָפִים תֵּבוֹת קְדוֹשׁוֹת שֶׁל תּוֹרָה, שֶׁכָּל אַחַת בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָהּ הִיא מִצְוָה רַבָּה שֶׁבִּטַלְנוּ בַּיָּדַיִם, וּכְנֶגְדָּם הִכְנַסְנוּ כַּמָה אֲלָפִים עֲוֹנוֹת שֶׁל בִּטוּל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה דְּתַלְמוּד תּוֹרָה בָּעֵת הַזֶּה גּוּפָא . וְעַל אַחַת כַּמָה וְכַמָה שֶׁבָּעֵת הָזֶּה, שֶׁהוּא פּוֹרֵשׁ עַצְמוֹ מִן הַתּוֹרָה הוּא מְסַפֵּר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע וְכַדּוֹמֶה לָזֶה, כִּי בְּכָל סִפּוּר וְסִפּוּר שֶׁל גְּנוּת שֶׁהוּא מְסַפֵּר עַל חֲבֵרוֹ עוֹבֵר עַל לָאו בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ, וּכְאָמְרָם בְּמַכּוֹת (דף כ') אַל תִּלְבַּשׁ וְכוּ', וְכנַּ"ל בְּשֵׁם רַבֵּנוּ יוֹנָה. וְהִנֵּה אִם בָּאנוּ לַחֲשֹׁב רַק בְּעָוֹן שֶׁל פְּרִישַׁת הַתּוֹרָה בְּכָל רֶגַע וְעָוֹן שֶׁל דִּבּוּר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע, יִתְרַבּוּ עָלָיו כַּמָה מֵאוֹת לָאוִין וַעֲשִׂין, וְאַף כִּי יְצָרֵף לָזֶה הַרְבֵּה לָאוִין וַעֲשִׂין אֲחֵרִים, שֶׁהֶאֱרַכְנוּ עַד פֹּה, וְלָכֵן צָרִיךְ לִזָּהֵר מִסִפּוּרֵי הֲבָלִים כָּאֵלֶּה.

(12) And in all instances, he transgresses at that time of speaking lashon hara and rechiluth, the mitzvah of learning Torah, which is an absolute positive commandment, as explained by the Rambam in (Hilchoth Talmud Torah 1) and in his Sefer Hamitzvoth (Positive Commandments 11) and by all the enumerators of the mitzvoth. And there is no limit to the reward of this mitzvah, which is over and against all of the mitzvoth, as explained in the Mishnah (Peah 1:1) and in Yerushalmi (Ibid). For all of the mitzvoth are not comparable to one pronouncement of Torah. And, conversely, the punishment for its neglect is over and against all of the transgressions, as Chazal have explained (Petichah d'Eichah Rabbati 2): "The Holy One Blessed be He 'overlooked' the sins of idolatry, illicit relations, and the spilling of blood; but He did not overlook the sin of neglect of Torah." At other times, one goes clean of din "on high" for transgression of this sin [of neglect of Torah study] by reason of being occupied with earning a livelihood or in pondering how to gain one. But when he speaks lashon hara or rechiluth, how does his livelihood "gain" from this? And he also transgresses in this time of speaking [lashon hara] many negative commandments. As explained in Semag (Negative Commandments 13), we have been exhorted by the Torah in many negative commandments not to separate ourselves from Torah in any manner. For there is always some way in which one can fulfill the positive commandment of [studying] Torah — If he is a steady learner, through his learning; and if he is not a learner, he can study the holy works that are translated into the vernacular [Yiddish] in our time, such as Chovoth Halevavoth, Menorath Hamaor, and the like; and he need not remain idle from learning Torah, and speak lashon hara and rechiluth [instead]. And I have also seen this [idea] stated in the name of the GRA [the Gaon of Vilna], who explained the difference between din [judgment] and cheshbon [reckoning]. "Din" — one's being judged for the transgression itself; cheshbon — one's being held to account — at the time of judgment for transgression — for the time he could then have spent in fulfilling a mitzvah. "Woe unto us on the day of din!" What can we answer if the Holy One Blessed be He reckons against us (for each moment of idle, derogatory, talk and light-headedness, or rechiluth and lashon hara) even the transgression of neglect of Torah for that time alone! For, in truth, with each word of Torah learning, one fulfills the positive commandment [of Torah study] itself! And if one learns a chapter of Mishnayoth or a page of Gemara, he fulfills many hundreds of mitzvoth, as the GRA of blessed memory wrote in Sh'noth Eliyahu (Peah 1:1) in the name of the Yerushalmi. If so, the cheshbon comes to many thousands of holy words of Torah, each one of which is a great mitzvah in itself, that we have actively nullified, and against them, many thousands of transgressions of neglect of the positive commandment of Torah study that we have committed at that very time! And how much more grievous is the sin if at the very time that one separates himself form Torah, he speaks lashon hara and the like. For with every demeaning remark that he makes against his friend, he transgresses a [distinct] negative commandment in itself, as mentioned in Makkoth 20b and in the name of Rabbeinu Yonah above. So that if we come to reckon only the transgression of separation from Torah for every moment of lashon hara, several hundreds of [transgressions of] negative and positive commandments are added thereto. And how much more so, when we add to this [the transgression of] many other negative and positive commandments that we have expatiated upon until now. One must, therefore, keep himself from the recital of such vanities!

וְכָל זֶה שֶׁדִּבַּרְנוּ עַד עַתָּה הוּא אֲפִלּוּ אִם הוּא מְסַפֵּר דְּבַר אֱמֶת עַל חֲבֵרוֹ, אֲבָל אִם בְּתוֹךְ הַלָשׁוֹן הָרָע אוֹ הָרְכִילוּת שֶׁלּוֹ נִתְעָרֵב (יג) תַּעֲרֹבֶת שֶׁל שֶׁקֶר בְּמִקְצָתוֹ עוֹבֵר גַּם כֵּן עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁכָּתוּב בַּתּוֹרָה (שמות כ"ג ז'): "מִדְּבַר שֶׁקֶר תִּרְחָק", וְגַם נִשְׁתַּנְּה שְׁמוֹ לִפְגָם עַל יְדֵי זֶה לְהִקָרֵא עַתָּה בְּשֵׁם מוֹצִיא שָׁם רָע, וְעָנְשׁוֹ חָמוּר הַרְבֵּה יוֹתֵר מִסְתַם לָשׁוֹן הָרָע וּרְכִילוּת.

(13) And all this that we have discussed until now applies even when he speaks [lashon hara] about his friend that is true; but if within his lashon hara or rechiluth there becomes intermixed something which is partially false, he also transgresses a positive commandment of the Torah, viz. (Shemoth 23:7): "From a thing of falsehood keep far." And his name [i.e., his classification] also changes for the worse thereby, his now being called "motzi shem ra" ("the spreader of a bad name"). And his punishment is far more severe than that for the speaker of lashon hara and rechiluth in general.

עוֹד נִרְאֶה (יד) שֶׁעוֹבֵר גַּם עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה דִּ"וְהָלַכְתָּ בִּדְרָכָיו", שֶׁנִּצְטַוֵּינוּ בָּזֶה לֵילֵךְ בְּמִדּוֹתָיו שֶׁל הַקָדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֲשֶׁר הֵם כֻּלָּם רַק לְטוֹב, כְּמַאֲמָרָם זַ"ל (שבת קל"ג): מַה הוּא רַחוּם, אַף אַתָּה רַחוּם; מַה הוּא חַנּוּן, אַף אַתָּה חַנּוּן, וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה בִּשְׁאָר מִדּוֹת טוֹבוֹת, כְּמוֹ שֶׁמְבֹאָר בָּרַמְבַּ"ם בְּהִלְכוֹת דֵּעוֹת (פרק א' הלכה ה' ו'). וּמָצִינוּ בְּהָקָדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, בְּמִדּוֹתָיו הַקְדוֹשׁוֹת וְהַטְהוֹרוֹת, שֶׁהוּא שׂוֹנֵא דֵּלָטוֹרְיָא בְּכָל אֳפָנִים אֲפִלּוּ עַל אִישׁ גָּרוּעַ עַד מְאֹד, כְּמַאֲמָרָם זַ"ל בְּסַנְהֶדְרִין (דף י"א): וְכִי דֵּלָטוֹר אֲנִי לָךְ? גַּבֵּי מַעֲשֶׂה דְּעָכָן, עַיֵּן שָׁם. וְצוֹפֶה לְטוֹבָה וְאֵין צוֹפֶה לְרָעָה, וּכְמוֹ שֶׁאִיתָא בְּתָנָא דְּבֵי אֵלִיָּהוּ (פרק א'). וְאָמְרוּ (סוֹטָה מב): אַרְבַּע כִּתּוֹת אֵין מְקַבְּלוֹת פְּנֵי שְׁכִינָה וְכוּ' כַּת מְסַפְּרֵי לָשׁוֹן הָרָע, דִּכְתִיב (תהלים ה' ה'): "כִּי לֹא אֵל חָפֵץ רֶשַׁע אָתָּה לֹא יְגֻרְךָ רָע". וְאִם כֵּן מִי שֶׁמַרְגִּיל עַצְמוֹ בְּמִדָּה רָעָה הַזּוֹ, אֵינוֹ הוֹלֵךְ בְּדַרְכֵי ה' שֶׁהוּא רַק לְהֵיטִיב לְזוּלָתוֹ, וְהוּא עוֹשֶׂה לְהֶפְכוֹ, וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה כִּנָּהוּ הַכָּתוּב בְּשֵׁם רָע, לָכֵן עוֹבֵר עַל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה זוֹ גַּם כֵּן. הֲרֵי שֶׁחִשַּׁבְנוּ י"ד מִצְוֹת עֲשֵׂה, שֶׁרְגִילִין לַעֲבֹר עֲלֵיהֶם עַל יְדֵי סִפּוּר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע וּרְכִילוּת, לְבַד מִי"ז לָאוִין הַנַּ"ל. וְאַף שֶׁכָּל הַי"ז לָאוִין וְי"ד עֲשִׂין אֵין יָכוֹל לָבוֹא בְּאִישׁ אֶחָד וּבְסִפּוּר אֶחָד, כַּמְבֹאָר לַמְעַיֵּן, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן מִי שֶׁרָגִיל, חַס וְשָׁלוֹם, בְּמִדָּה רָעָה זוֹ, בְּוַדַּאי יַעֲבֹר עַל כֻּלָּן בְּהֶרְחֵב הַזְּמַן, כִּי פְּעָמִים יֶאֱרַע לוֹ לְדַבֵּר לָשׁוֹן הָרָע עַל זָקֵן, וּפְעָמִים עַל חָכָם, וּפְעָמִים יְגַנֵּהוּ בַּלָשׁוֹן הָרָע שֶׁלּוֹ בְּפָנָיו, וּפְעָמִים שֶׁלֹּא בְּפָנָיו, וְהַכֹּל כַּנַּ"ל.

(14) It also is apparent that [in all eight modes] he also transgresses (Devarim 28:9): "And you shall walk in His ways," whereby we have been commanded to emulate the traits of the Holy One Blessed be He, all of which [traits] are for the good alone, as Chazal have said (Shabbath 133b): "Just as He is merciful, you, too, be merciful; just as He is gracious, you, too, be gracious," and the like with the other good traits, as is explained by the Rambam (Hilchoth Deoth 1:5 and 6). And we find with the Holy One Blessed be He, in His pure and holy traits, that He hates delation [informing] in all modes, even against the most reprehensible of men, as Chazal have said in the episode of Achan [viz. Joshua 7] (Sanhedrin 11a): "Am I [the L–rd] a delator for you?" And He hopes for the good and not for the bad (viz. Tanna d'bei Eliyahu 1), and (Sotah 42a): "Four classes do not behold the Divine Presence: …the class of the speakers of lashon hara, as it is written (Tehillim 5:5): 'For You are not a G–d who desires wickedness, evil shall not dwell with You.'" Therefore, one who habituates himself to this evil trait does not walk in the way of the L–rd, which is only to do good to others, and he does the opposite — wherefore the Torah designated [lashon hara] as "evil" — so that he also transgresses this positive commandment [i.e., "And you shall walk in His ways."] We have thus enumerated fourteen positive commandments, which tend to be transgressed by lashon hara and rechiluth (aside from the aforementioned seventeen negative commandments). And though all the seventeen negative commandments and fourteen positive commandments cannot obtain with one man and with one slur, as is clear to the reader, still, all who are habituated, G–d forbid, to this evil trait will certainly transgress all of them in the course of time. For sometimes he will come to speak lashon hara against an elder, and sometimes, against a sage. And sometimes he will demean him to his face and sometimes not to his face, as mentioned above.