הלכות ביאת מקדש
12 halachot · Hebrew + English
אֵין כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל נִכְנָס לְקֹדֶשׁ הַקָּדָשִׁים אֶלָּא מִיּוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים לְיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים. וְכֹהֵן הֶדְיוֹט נִכְנָס לַקֹּדֶשׁ לַעֲבוֹדָה בְּכָל יוֹם:
The High Priest enters the Holy of Holies each year only on Yom Kippur. An ordinary priest may enter the Sanctuary for service every day.
וְהֻזְהֲרוּ כָּל הַכֹּהֲנִים שֶׁלֹּא יִכָּנְסוּ לַקֹּדֶשׁ אוֹ לְקֹדֶשׁ הַקָּדָשִׁים שֶׁלֹּא בִּשְׁעַת עֲבוֹדָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא טז ב) "וְאַל יָבֹא בְכָל עֵת אֶל הַקֹּדֶשׁ" זֶה קֹדֶשׁ הַקָּדָשִׁים (ויקרא טז ב) "מִבֵּית לַפָּרֹכֶת" לְהַזְהִיר עַל כָּל הַבַּיִת:
The priests were all warned not to enter the Sanctuary or the Holy of Holies when they are not in the midst of the service, as [Leviticus 16:2] states: "He shall not come to the Holy Chamber at all time" - this refers to the Holy of Holies. "...Within the curtain" - this warns [the priests against unwarranted entry] into the entire Temple.
כֹּהֵן שֶׁנִּכְנַס לְקֹדֶשׁ הַקָּדָשִׁים בִּשְׁאָר יְמוֹת הַשָּׁנָה בֵּין כֹּהֵן הֶדְיוֹט בֵּין כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל אוֹ כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל שֶׁנִּכְנַס לוֹ בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים שֶׁלֹּא בִּשְׁעַת הָעֲבוֹדָה חַיָּב מִיתָה בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא טז ב) "וְלֹא יָמוּת". וְכַמָּה פְּעָמִים הוּא נִכְנָס לְשָׁם בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים אַרְבַּע כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר בִּמְקוֹמוֹ. וְאִם נִכְנָס חֲמִישִׁית חַיָּב מִיתָה בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם:
A priest - whether an ordinary priest or a High Priest - who enters the Holy of Holies on any of the other days of the year, or a High Priest who enters there on Yom Kippur outside the time of service, he is liable for death at the hand of heaven, as [ibid.] states: "And he shall not die." How many times does he enter on Yom Kippur? Four, as will be explained in the appropriate place. If he enters a fifth time, he is liable for death at the hand of heaven.
וְהַנִּכְנָס לַקֹּדֶשׁ חוּץ לְקֹדֶשׁ הַקָּדָשִׁים שֶׁלֹּא לַעֲבוֹדָה אוֹ לְהִשְׁתַּחֲווֹת בֵּין הֶדְיוֹט בֵּין גָּדוֹל לוֹקֶה. וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב מִיתָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא טז ב) "אֶל פְּנֵי הַכַּפֹּרֶת" (ויקרא טז ב) "וְלֹא יָמוּת". עַל קֹדֶשׁ הַקָּדָשִׁים בְּמִיתָה וְעַל שְׁאָר הַבַּיִת בְּלָאו וְלוֹקֶה:
One - whether an ordinary priest or a High priest - who enters the Sacred Chamber outside the Holy of Holies, not for the sake of service, nor prostrating oneself, is liable for lashes, but is not liable for death. [This is derived from the above verse which states:] "Before the covering [that is upon the Ark] so that he will not die." [Implied is that] for [unauthorized entry into] the Holy of Holies, he is liable for death, but [entering] the remainder of the Sanctuary is merely the violation of a negative commandment and is punishable by lashes.
כֹּהֵן שֶׁיָּצָא מִן הַמִּקְדָּשׁ בִּשְׁעַת הָעֲבוֹדָה בִּלְבַד חַיָּב מִיתָה בֵּין כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל בֵּין כֹּהֵן הֶדְיוֹט שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא י ז) "וּמִפֶּתַח אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד לֹא תֵצְאוּ פֶּן תָּמֻתוּ". כְּלוֹמַר לֹא תָּנִיחוּ עֲבוֹדָה וְתֵצְאוּ מְבֹהָלִים וּדְחוּפִים מִפְּנֵי גְּזֵרָה זוֹ. וְכֵן זֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּכֹהֵן גָּדוֹל (ויקרא כא יב) "וּמִן הַמִּקְדָּשׁ לֹא יֵצֵא" אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא בִּשְׁעַת הָעֲבוֹדָה בִּלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יָנִיחַ עֲבוֹדָתוֹ וְיֵצֵא:
A priest - whether an ordinary priest or a High priest - who departs from the Temple is liable for death [at the hand of heaven] only in the midst of his service, as [ibid 10:7] states: "From the entrance to the Tent of Meeting, you shall not depart, lest you die." Implied is that you should not abandon the service and leave hastily and in panic because of this decree. Similarly, the charge [issued to] the High Priest [ibid. 21:12]: "He shall not depart from the Temple," applies only in the midst of his service, i.e., that he should not abandon his service and depart.
אִם כֵּן מִפְּנֵי מָה נִשְׁנֵית אַזְהָרָה זוֹ בְּכֹהֵן גָּדוֹל. שֶׁכֹּהֵן הֶדְיוֹט שֶׁהָיָה בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ בַּעֲבוֹדָתוֹ וְשָׁמַע שֶׁמֵּת לוֹ מֵת שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב לְהִתְאַבֵּל עָלָיו אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ יוֹצֵא מִן הַמִּקְדָּשׁ אֵינוֹ עוֹבֵד מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא אוֹנֵן וְאִם עָבַד וְהוּא אוֹנֵן שֶׁל תּוֹרָה חִלֵּל עֲבוֹדָתוֹ בֵּין בְּקָרְבַּן יָחִיד בֵּין בְּקָרְבַּן צִבּוּר. אֲבָל כֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל עוֹבֵד כְּשֶׁהוּא אוֹנֵן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כא יב) "וּמִן הַמִּקְדָּשׁ לֹא יֵצֵא וְלֹא יְחַלֵּל" כְּלוֹמַר יֵשֵׁב וְיַעֲבֹד עֲבוֹדָה שֶׁהָיָה עוֹסֵק בָּהּ וְאֵינָהּ מִתְחַלֶּלֶת:
If so, why was this warning repeated for the High Priest? [Because there is a difference between the laws that apply to him and those which apply to an ordinary priest]. When an ordinary priest was in the midst of his service in the Temple and he heard that a person for whom he is obligated to mourn has died, he should not perform sacrificial service, even though he does not leave the Temple, because he is in an acute state of mourning. if he performed service while in an acute state of mourning, he profanes his service, whether he is offering an individual sacrifice or a communal offering. A High Priest, by contrast, performs sacrificial service while he is in a state of acute mourning, as [implied by ibid.]: "From the Temple, he should not depart and not profane." Implied is that he should remain [in the Temple] and perform the service with which he was involved and it does not become profaned.
וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁעֲבוֹדַת הָאוֹנֵן פְּסוּלָה. מִקַּל וָחֹמֶר. אִם בַּעַל מוּם שֶׁאוֹכֵל בְּקָדָשִׁים אִם עָבַד חִלֵּל. אוֹנֵן שֶׁהוּא אָסוּר בְּקָדָשִׁים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כו יד) "לֹא אָכַלְתִּי בְאֹנִי מִמֶּנּוּ" דִּין הוּא שֶׁיְּחַלֵּל:
What is the source that teaches that the service of one in an acute state of mourning is invalid? [It is derived from] an inference from a less severe situation to a more severe one. A priest disqualified because of a physical deformity may partake of sacrificial foods. Nevertheless, if he performs service, he profanes it. How much more so should one who is in acute mourning and thus forbidden to partake of sacrificial foods - as [Deuteronomy 26:14] states: "I did not eat from it in a state of acute morning" - profane his service [if he performs it].
וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁכֹּהֵן גָּדוֹל עוֹבֵד אוֹנֵן אָסוּר לֶאֱכל בְּקָדָשִׁים שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא י יט) "וְאָכַלְתִּי חַטָּאת הַיּוֹם הַיִּיטַב בְּעֵינֵי ה'". וְכֵן אֵינוֹ חוֹלֵק לֶאֱכל בָּעֶרֶב. אוֹנֵן שֶׁעָבַד אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה. וּמֻתָּר לִגַּע בְּקָדָשִׁים אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא טָבַל שֶׁלֹּא עָשׂוּ מַעֲלָה אֶלָּא בַּאֲכִילָה אֲבָל בִּנְגִיעָה הֲרֵי זֶה טָהוֹר כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר בִּמְקוֹמוֹ:
Although a High Priest may perform service while he is in a state of acute mourning, he is forbidden to partake of sacrificial food, as [Leviticus 10:19] states: "If I had partaken of the sin-offering today, would it have found favor in G-d's eyes." Similarly, he does not participate in the division of the sacrificial foods so that he could partake of the food in the evening. When a person in an acute state of mourning performs sacrificial service, he is not liable for lashes. He is permitted to touch sacrificial foods even though he did not immerse himself [in a mikveh], for this safeguard was enforced only with regard to eating. With regard to touching [objects], he is considered as pure, as will be explained in the appropriate place.
אֵי זֶהוּ אוֹנֵן זֶה שֶׁמֵּת לוֹ מֵת מִן הַקְּרוֹבִים שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב לְהִתְאַבֵּל עֲלֵיהֶן בְּיוֹם הַמִּיתָה בִּלְבַד הוּא הַנִּקְרָא אוֹנֵן דִּין תּוֹרָה. וְלַיְלָה הוּא אוֹנֵן מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים:
What is meant by a person in an acute state of mourning? One who lost one of the relatives for whom he is required to mourn. On the day of the person's death, he is considered in acute mourning according to Scriptural Law. And at night, he is in acute mourning according to Rabbinic Law.
וּמֵת שֶׁשָּׁהָה יָמִים וְאַחַר כָּךְ נִקְבַּר כָּל אוֹתָם הַיָּמִים שֶׁאַחַר יוֹם הַמִּיתָה הוּא אוֹנֵן מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם וְכֵן יוֹם הַקְּבוּרָה וְאֵינוֹ תּוֹפֵשׂ לֵילוֹ. לְפִיכָךְ מִי שֶׁמֵּת לוֹ מֵת (וּקְבָרוֹ) לְאַחַר יוֹם הַמִּיתָה כָּל יוֹם הַקְּבוּרָה אֵינוֹ מַקְרִיב וְאֵינוֹ אוֹכֵל בְּקָדָשִׁים מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם. וְטוֹבֵל וְאוֹכֵל לָעֶרֶב. וְיוֹם שְׁמוּעָה קְרוֹבָה וְיוֹם לִקּוּט עֲצָמוֹת הֲרֵי הוּא כְּיוֹם קְבוּרָה שֶׁאֵינוֹ תּוֹפֵשׂ לֵילוֹ וַאֲפִלּוּ מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם. לְפִיכָךְ טוֹבֵל וְאוֹכֵל בְּקָדָשִׁים לָעֶרֶב. אֲבָל יוֹם הַמִּיתָה כְּשֵׁם שֶׁאָסוּר לֶאֱכל בּוֹ קָדָשִׁים מִן הַתּוֹרָה כָּךְ אָסוּר לֶאֱכל בְּלֵילוֹ מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם. חוּץ מִן הַפֶּסַח בִּלְבַד שֶׁהוּא אוֹכֵל לָעֶרֶב כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר בִּמְקוֹמוֹ:
When [it was necessary] to wait several days and [only] afterwards, a corpse was buried, for all those days after the day of the deceased's passing, [his relative] is considered in an acute state of mourning according to Rabbinic Law. This also [applies] with regard to the day of burial, but not the following night. Therefore if [a close relative of a priest] dies and he buries him after the day of his death, throughout the day of the burial, he may not offer or partake of sacrifices according to Rabbinic Law. He should then immerse himself and partake of sacrifices at night. The day on which a person hears a report that a relative of his died within 30 days and the day on which he gathers his bones is considered as the day of one's burial, but [the restrictions] do not apply at night. On the day of [a close relative's] death, by contrast, just as it is forbidden to partake of sacrificial foods during the day according to Scriptural Law, so too, it is forbidden for him to partake of them that night according to Rabbinic Law. [The only] exception is the Paschal sacrifice which he may eat at night, as will be explained in the appropriate place.
הָאָבֵל אֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּחַ קָרְבְּנוֹתָיו כָּל שִׁבְעָה. אֲפִלּוּ יַיִן אוֹ עֵצִים אוֹ לְבוֹנָה. וְכֵן מְצֹרָע אֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּחַ קָרְבְּנוֹתָיו כָּל זְמַן שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לְבִיאָה אֶל הַמַּחֲנֶה אֵינוֹ רָאוּי לְהַקְרָבָה. אֲבָל הַמְנֻדֶּה יֵשׁ בּוֹ סָפֵק אִם מְשַׁלֵּחַ אִם אֵינוֹ מְשַׁלֵּחַ לְפִיכָךְ אִם הִקְרִיבוּ עָלָיו נִרְצָה:
Throughout the seven days of mourning, a mourner should not send sacrifices [to be offered in the Temple]. [Indeed, he should not send] even wine, wood, or frankincense. Similarly, a person afflicted with tzara'at should not send his sacrifices [to be offered in the Temple]. For as long as he is not fit to enter the camp [of the Levites], he is not fit for his sacrifices to be offered. There is an unresolved question whether a person under a ban of ostracism may send his sacrifices [to be offered] or not. Hence, if they were offered on his behalf, [his obligation] is satisfied.
טְמֵא שֶׁרֶץ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ וְהֶעָרֵל מְשַׁלְּחִין אֶת קָרְבְּנוֹתֵיהֶם וּמַקְרִיבִין עֲלֵיהֶן חוּץ מִפֶּסַח שֶׁאֵין שׁוֹחֲטִין אוֹתוֹ עַל טְמֵא שֶׁרֶץ וְאֵין שׁוֹחֲטִין עַל הֶעָרֵל פֶּסַח כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר. אֲבָל טְמֵא מֵת אֵין מַקְרִיבִין עָלָיו קָרְבָּן כְּלָל עַד שֶׁיִּטָּהֵר:
A person who is impure because of contact with a dead lizard or the like and an uncircumcised person may send their sacrifices and they are offered with the exception of the Paschal sacrifice. That sacrifice may not be offered for a person who is impure because of contact with a dead lizard. Nor may a Paschal sacrifice be offered for an uncircumcised person, as will be explained. No sacrifices at all are offered for a person who is impure because of contact with a corpse until he becomes ritually pure.