Eruvin Chapter 1

חָצֵר שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ שְׁכֵנִים הַרְבֵּה כָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶם בְּבַיִת לְעַצְמוֹ דִּין תּוֹרָה הוּא שֶׁיִּהְיוּ כֻּלָּן מֻתָּרִין לְטַלְטֵל בְּכָל הֶחָצֵר וּמִבָּתִּים לֶחָצֵר וּמֵהֶחָצֵר לַבָּתִּים מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכָּל הֶחָצֵר רְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד אַחַת וּמֻתָּר לְטַלְטֵל בְּכֻלָּהּ. וְכֵן הַדִּין בְּמָבוֹי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ לֶחִי אוֹ קוֹרָה שֶׁיִּהְיוּ כָּל בְּנֵי הַמָּבוֹי מֻתָּרִים לְטַלְטֵל בְּכֻלּוֹ וּמֵחֲצֵרוֹת לַמָּבוֹי וּמִמָּבוֹי לַחֲצֵרוֹת שֶׁכָּל הַמָּבוֹי רְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד הוּא. וְכֵן הַדִּין בִּמְדִינָה שֶׁהִיא מֻקֶּפֶת חוֹמָה גְּבוֹהָה עֲשָׂרָה טְפָחִים שֶׁיֵּשׁ לָהּ דְּלָתוֹת וְנִנְעָלוֹת בַּלַּיְלָה שֶׁכֻּלָּהּ רְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד הִיא. זֶה הוּא דִּין תּוֹרָה:

According to Torah law, when there are several neighbors dwelling in a courtyard, each in his private home, they are all permitted to carry within the entire courtyard, from the homes to the courtyard, and from the courtyard to the homes, because the entire courtyard is a private domain and it is permitted to carry within it in its entirety. Similarly, regarding a lane that has a pole [positioned at its entrance] or a beam positioned [above it], all the inhabitants of the lane are permitted to carry in the entire [lane], and from the courtyards to the lane, and from the lane to the courtyards, for the entire lane is a private domain. Similarly, all [the area within] a city that is surrounded by a wall that is [at least] ten handbreadths high and has gates that are locked at night is a private domain. This is the law of the Torah.

אֲבָל מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים אָסוּר לִשְׁכֵנִים לְטַלְטֵל בִּרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ חֲלוּקָה בְּדִיּוּרִין עַד שֶׁיְּעָרְבוּ כָּל הַשְּׁכֵנִים כֻּלָּן מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת. אֶחָד חָצֵר וְאֶחָד מָבוֹי וְאֶחָד הַמְּדִינָה. וְדָבָר זֶה תַּקָּנַת שְׁלֹמֹה וּבֵית דִּינוֹ:

Nevertheless, according to Rabbinic decree, it is forbidden for the neighbors to carry within a private domain that is divided into different dwellings, unless all the inhabitants join together in an eruv before the commencement of the Sabbath. This [restriction] applies to courtyards, lanes, and cities. It was instituted by [King] Solomon and his court.

וְכֵן יוֹשְׁבֵי אֹהָלִים אוֹ סֻכּוֹת אוֹ מַחֲנֶה שֶׁהִקִּיפוּהוּ מְחִצָּה אֵין מְטַלְטְלִין מֵאֹהֶל לְאֹהֶל עַד שֶׁיְּעָרְבוּ כֻּלָּן. אֲבָל שַׁיָּרָא שֶׁהִקִּיפָה מְחִצָּה אֵין צְרִיכִין לְעָרֵב אֶלָּא מוֹצִיאִין מֵאֹהֶל לְאֹהֶל בְּלֹא עֵרוּב לְפִי שֶׁהֵן כֻּלָּן מְעֹרָבִין וְאֵין אוֹתָן אֹהָלִים קְבוּעִין לָהֶן:

Similarly, people who dwell in tents, in booths, or in an encampment that is surrounded by a partition may not carry from tent to tent until they make an eruv. In contrast, [the members of] a caravan [who surround their encampment] with a partition are not required to [join in] an eruv. They may transfer articles from tent to tent without an eruv, for [the very nature of their circumstance] is considered to be an eruv, since these are not long-lasting dwellings.

וּמִפְּנֵי מָה תִּקֵּן שְׁלֹמֹה דָּבָר זֶה. כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִטְעוּ הָעָם וְיֹאמְרוּ כְּשֵׁם שֶׁמֻּתָּר לְהוֹצִיא מִן הַחֲצֵרוֹת לִרְחוֹבוֹת הַמְּדִינָה וּשְׁוָקֶיהָ וּלְהַכְנִיס מֵהֶם לַחֲצֵרוֹת כָּךְ מֻתָּר לְהוֹצִיא מִן הַמְּדִינָה לַשָּׂדֶה וּלְהַכְנִיס מִן הַשָּׂדֶה לַמְּדִינָה. וְיַחְשְׁבוּ שֶׁהַשְּׁוָקִים וְהָרְחוֹבוֹת הוֹאִיל וְהֵן רְשׁוּת לַכֹּל הֲרֵי הֵן כְּשָׂדוֹת וּכְמִדְבָּרוֹת וְיֹאמְרוּ שֶׁהַחֲצֵרוֹת בִּלְבַד הֵן רְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד וִידַמּוּ שֶׁאֵין הַהוֹצָאָה מְלָאכָה וְשֶׁמֻּתָּר לְהוֹצִיא וּלְהַכְנִיס מֵרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד לִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים:

Why did [King] Solomon institute this [restriction]? So that the common people would not err and say, "Just as it is permitted to transfer articles from the courtyards to the streets of a city and its marketplaces, and to bring articles in [from these domains] to a courtyard, it is permitted to take articles from the city to the fields and from the fields to the city." [Moreover, they would operate under the mistaken] impression that the marketplaces and streets - since they are the public domain - are like fields and deserts. [This would lead them to a further error, causing them to] say that only a courtyard is a private domain, and they would think that there is no prohibition against the transfer of articles, and that it is permitted to transfer articles from a private domain to a public domain [and from a public domain to a private domain].

לְפִיכָךְ תִּקֵּן שֶׁכָּל רְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד שֶׁתֶּחֱלַּק בְּדִיּוּרִין וְיֹאחַז כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד בָּהּ רְשׁוּת לְעַצְמוֹ וְיִשָּׁאֵר מִמֶּנָּה מָקוֹם בִּרְשׁוּת כֻּלָּן וְיַד כֻּלָּן שָׁוָה בּוֹ כְּגוֹן חָצֵר לַבָּתִּים. שֶׁנַּחְשֹׁב אוֹתוֹ הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁיַּד כֻּלָּן שָׁוָה בּוֹ כְּאִלּוּ הוּא רְשׁוּת לָרַבִּים. וְנֶחְשָׁב כָּל מָקוֹם וּמָקוֹם שֶׁאָחַז כָּל אֶחָד מִן הַשְּׁכֵנִים וְחִלְּקוֹ לְעַצְמוֹ שֶׁהוּא בִּלְבַד רְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד. וְיִהְיֶה אָסוּר לְהוֹצִיא מֵרְשׁוּת שֶׁחָלַק לְעַצְמוֹ לִרְשׁוּת שֶׁיַּד כֻּלָּם שָׁוָה בּוֹ. כְּמוֹ שֶׁאֵין מוֹצִיאִין מֵרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד לִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים. אֶלָּא יִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ כָּל אֶחָד בָּרְשׁוּת שֶׁחָלַק לְעַצְמוֹ בִּלְבַד עַד שֶׁיְּעָרְבוּ כֻּלָּן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַכֹּל רְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד:

Therefore, [King Solomon] instituted [the following rules]: Whenever a private domain is divided into separate dwelling units that are considered the private property of the individuals, and an area remains that is the joint property of all individuals and all share in it equally - e.g., a courtyard with houses that open onto it - the area that is jointly owned is considered as a public domain. Similarly, every place that one of the neighbors owns as his private property and treats as his individual holding shall be considered as a private domain. It is thus forbidden to transfer an article from a person's private property to the area that is owned jointly, just as it is forbidden to transfer from a private domain into the public domain. Instead, every person should contain his activities within his own property, unless an eruv is established, although [according to the Torah] the entire area is one private domain.

וּמַה הוּא הָעֵרוּב הַזֶּה. הוּא שֶׁיִּתְעָרְבוּ בְּמַאֲכָל אֶחָד שֶׁמַּנִּיחִין אוֹתוֹ מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת. כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁכֻּלָּנוּ מְעֹרָבִין וְאֹכֶל אֶחָד לְכֻלָּנוּ וְאֵין כָּל אֶחָד מִמֶּנּוּ חוֹלֵק רְשׁוּת מֵחֲבֵרוֹ אֶלָּא כְּשֵׁם שֶׁיַּד כֻּלָּנוּ שָׁוָה בְּמָקוֹם זֶה שֶׁנִּשְׁאַר לְכֻלָּנוּ כָּךְ יַד כֻּלָּנוּ שָׁוָה בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁיֹּאחֵז כָּל אֶחָד לְעַצְמוֹ וַהֲרֵי כֻּלָּנוּ רְשׁוּת אֶחָד. וּבַמַּעֲשֶׂה הַזֶּה לֹא יָבוֹאוּ לִטְעוֹת וּלְדַמּוֹת שֶׁמֻּתָּר לְהוֹצִיא וּלְהַכְנִיס מֵרְשׁוּת הַיָּחִיד לִרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים:

What is meant by an eruv? That all the individuals will join together in one [collection of] food before the commencement of the Sabbath. This serves as a declaration that they have all joined together and share food as one; none of them has [totally] private property. Instead, just as the jointly-owned area is the property of all, so too, everyone shares in the property that is privately owned. They are all joined in one domain. [Performing] this act will prevent them from erring and thinking that it is permitted to transfer articles between a private domain and the public domain.

הָעֵרוּב שֶׁעוֹשִׂים בְּנֵי הֶחָצֵר זֶה עִם זֶה הוּא הַנִּקְרָא עֵרוּבֵי חֲצֵרוֹת. וְשֶׁעוֹשִׂין אַנְשֵׁי מָבוֹי זֶה עִם זֶה אוֹ כָּל בְּנֵי הַמְּדִינָה הוּא הַנִּקְרָא שִׁתּוּף:

The eruv that the inhabitants of a courtyard make among themselves is referred to as eruvei chatzerot [the joining of the areas of courtyards]. [The joining together of] the inhabitants of a lane or of a city is referred to as shituf, [partnership].

אֵין מְעָרְבִין בַּחֲצֵרוֹת אֶלָּא בְּפַת שְׁלֵמָה בִּלְבַד. אֲפִלּוּ כִּכַּר מַאֲפֶה סְאָה וְהִיא פְּרוּסָה אֵין מְעָרְבִין בָּהּ. הָיְתָה שְׁלֵמָה וְהִיא כְּאִיסָר מְעָרְבִין בָּהּ. וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁמְּעָרְבִין בְּפַת תְּבוּאָה כָּךְ מְעָרְבִין בְּפַת אֹרֶז וּבְפַת עֲדָשִׁים אֲבָל לֹא בְּפַת דֹּחַן. וְשִׁתּוּף בֵּין בְּפַת בֵּין בִּשְׁאָר אֳכָלִים. בְּכָל אֹכֶל מִשְׁתַּתְּפִין חוּץ מִן הַמַּיִם בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָן אוֹ מֶלַח בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ. וְכֵן כְּמֵהִין וּפִטְרִיּוֹת אֵין מִשְׁתַּתְּפִין בָּהֶן שֶׁאֵינָן חֲשׁוּבִין כָּאֳכָלִים. עֵרֵב מַיִם עִם מֶלַח נַעֲשָׂה כְּמוּרְיָס וּמִשְׁתַּתְּפִין:

An eruv [joining together] the inhabitants of a courtyard may not be made with anything other than a whole loaf of bread. Even if a loaf of bread is a se'ah in size, but it is sliced, it may not be used for an eruv. If it is whole, even if it is as small as an isar, it may be used for an eruv. Just as an eruv may be made using a loaf of bread made from grain, so too, may it be made with a loaf of bread made from rice or lentils. A loaf of bread made from millet, by contrast, may not be used. The shituf [for a lane or for a city, by contrast, may be made using] either bread or other foods. For we may use any food for a shituf, with the exception of water and salt. Similarly, mushrooms and truffles may not be used for a shituf, because they are not considered to be foods. [The restriction against using water and salt applies only] when they are set aside as separate entities. If one mixes water and salt, this is considered to be brine, and may be used for a shituf.

וְכַמָּה שִׁעוּר הָאֹכֶל שֶׁמִּשְׁתַּתְּפִין בּוֹ. כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת לְכָל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד מִבְּנֵי הַמָּבוֹי אוֹ מִבְּנֵי הַמְּדִינָה. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיוּ שְׁמוֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה אוֹ פָּחוֹת. אֲבָל אִם הָיוּ מְרֻבִּים עַל זֶה שִׁעוּרוֹ שְׁתֵּי סְעֻדּוֹת שֶׁהֵן כִּשְׁמוֹנֶה עֶשְׂרֵה גְּרוֹגָרוֹת שֶׁהֵן כְּשֵׁשׁ בֵּיצִים בֵּינוֹנִיּוֹת. אֲפִלּוּ הָיוּ הַמִּשְׁתַּתְּפִין אֲלָפִים וּרְבָבוֹת שְׁתֵּי סְעֻדּוֹת לְכֻלָּן:

What quantity of food is necessary to establish a shituf? A measure equal to the size of a dried fig for every inhabitant of the lane or of the city, provided there are eighteen or less. If, however, there are more than [eighteen inhabitants], the minimum measure [of the shituf] is [an amount of] food [sufficient] for two meals - i.e., an amount equivalent to eighteen dried figs, which is equivalent to the measure of six medium-size eggs. Even if thousands and myriads of people desire to make use [of this shituf], [all that is necessary] is [an amount of] food [sufficient] for two meals.

כָּל אֹכֶל שֶׁהוּא נֶאֱכָל כְּמוֹת שֶׁהוּא כְּגוֹן פַּת וּמִינֵי דָּגָן וּבָשָׂר חַי אִם נִשְׁתַּתְּפוּ בּוֹ שִׁעוּרוֹ מְזוֹן שְׁתֵּי סְעֻדּוֹת. וְכָל שֶׁהוּא לִפְתָּן וְדֶרֶךְ הָעָם לֶאֱכֹל בּוֹ פִּתָּן כְּגוֹן יַיִן מְבֻשָּׁל וּבָשָׂר צָלִי וְחֹמֶץ וּמוּרְיָס וְזֵיתִים וְאִמָּהוֹת שֶׁל בְּצָלִים שִׁעוּרוֹ כְּדֵי לֶאֱכֹל בּוֹ שְׁתֵּי סְעֻדּוֹת:

When a shituf is made using any food that is eaten without further cooking - e.g., a loaf of bread, certain species of grain, or raw meat - the minimum measure is the [amount of] food [sufficient] for two meals. When the food in question is a side dish - i.e., something that people customarily eat together with bread - e.g., cooked wine, roasted meat, vinegar, fish brine, olives, and onion heads - the minimum measure is an amount sufficient to accompany two meals.

נִשְׁתַּתְּפוּ בְּיַיִן חַי שִׁעוּרוֹ שְׁתֵּי רְבִיעִיּוֹת לְכֻלָּן. וְכֵן בְּשֵׁכָר שְׁתֵּי רְבִיעִיּוֹת. בֵּיצִים שְׁתַּיִם וּמִשְׁתַּתְּפִין בָּהֶן וַאֲפִלּוּ הֵן חַיּוֹת. וְרִמּוֹנִים שְׁנַיִם. אֶתְרוֹג אֶחָד. חֲמִשָּׁה אֱגוֹזִים. חֲמִשָּׁה אֲפַרְסֵקִים. לִיטְרָא שֶׁל יָרָק בֵּין חַי בֵּין שָׁלוּק וְאִם הָיָה בָּשִׁיל וְלֹא בָּשִׁיל אֵין מְעָרְבִין בּוֹ לְפִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לַאֲכִילָה. עֻכְּלָא תַּבְלִין. קַב תְּמָרִים. קַב גְּרוֹגָרוֹת. מָנֶה דְּבֵלָה. קַב תַּפּוּחִין. כְּשׁוּת כִּמְלוֹא הַיָּד. פּוֹלִין לַחִין כִּמְלוֹא הַיָּד. חֲזִין לִיטְרָא. וְהַתְּרָדִין הֲרֵי הֵן בִּכְלַל הָיָּרָק וּמְעָרְבִין בָּהֶן. עֲלֵי בְּצָלִים אֵין מְעָרְבִין בָּהֶן. אֶלָּא אִם הִבְצִילוּ וְנַעֲשָׂה אֹרֶךְ כָּל עָלֶה מֵהֶן זֶרֶת. אֲבָל פָּחוֹת מִכָּאן אֵינוֹ אֹכֶל. וְכָל אֵלּוּ הַדְּבָרִים הָאֲמוּרִין כְּלִפְתָּן הֵן. וּלְפִיכָךְ נָתְנוּ בָּהֶן שִׁעוּרִין אֵלּוּ. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. וְכָל הָאֳכָלִין מִצְטָרְפִין לְשִׁעוּר הַשִּׁתּוּף:

When fresh wine is used for a shituf, two revi'iot are required for every [participant]. Similarly, if beer is used, two revi'iot [are required]. If eggs are used, [the minimum measure] is two; they may be used for a shituf even when raw. [Other minimum measures are:] two pomegranates, one etrog, five nuts, five peaches, a Roman pound of vegetables - whether raw or cooked; if [the vegetables] are lightly, but not thoroughly, cooked, they may not be used; an uchla of spices, a kav of dates, a kav of dried figs, a maneh of crushed figs, a kav of apples, a handful of cuscuta, a handful of fresh beans, a Roman pound of lichen. Beets are considered vegetables and may be used for an eruv. Onion leaves may not be used for an eruv unless they are already grown, and the length of each leaf is at least that of a spread-out hand. If they are not this long, they are not considered to be food. All these types of food are considered to be side dishes; therefore, they have been given these measures. The same principles apply in other similar situations. All foods can be combined to reach the minimum measure required for a shituf.

לִיטְרָא הָאֲמוּרָה בְּכָל מָקוֹם מְלֹא שְׁתֵּי רְבִיעִיּוֹת. וְעֻכְּלָא חֲצִי רְבִיעִית. וּמָנֶה הָאֲמוּרָה בְּכָל מָקוֹם מֵאָה דִּינָר. וְהַדִּינָר שֵׁשׁ מָעִין. וְהַמָּעָה מִשְׁקַל שֵׁשׁ עֶשְׂרֵה שְׂעוֹרוֹת. וְהַסֶּלַע אַרְבָּעָה דִּינָרִין. וְהָרְבִיעִית מַחְזֶקֶת מִן הַמַּיִם אוֹ מִן הַיַּיִן מִשְׁקַל שִׁבְעָה עָשָׂר דִּינָרִין וַחֲצִי דִּינָר בְּקֵרוּב. נִמְצָא הַלִּיטְרָא מִשְׁקַל חֲמִשָּׁה וּשְׁלֹשִׁים דִּינָר. וְהָעֻכְּלָא מִשְׁקַל תִּשְׁעָה דִּינָרִין פָּחוֹת רְבִיעַ:

Whenever the term Roman pound is mentioned, it refers to [a measure equal to] two full revi'iot. An uchla is half a revi'it; a maneh, one hundred dinarim; a dinar, six ma'ah; a ma'ah, the weight of sixteen barley corns; a sela, four dinarim. A revi'it contains an amount of water or wine equivalent to approximately seventeen and one half dinarim. Thus, a Roman pound is equivalent in weight to 35 dinarim, and an uchla is equivalent in weight to eight and three-quarter dinarim.

סְאָה הָאֲמוּרָה בְּכָל מָקוֹם שֵׁשֶׁת קַבִּין. וְהַקַּב אַרְבָּעָה לוֹגִין. וְהַלּוֹג אַרְבַּע רְבִיעִיּוֹת. וּכְבָר בֵּאַרְנוּ מִדַּת הָרְבִיעִית וּמִשְׁקָלָהּ. וְאֵלּוּ הַשִּׁעוּרִין שֶׁאָדָם צָרִיךְ לִזְכֹּר אוֹתָן תָּמִיד:

Whenever the term se'ah is mentioned, it refers to [a measure equal to] six kabbim. A kav is four logim, and a log is four revi'iot. We have already defined the measure and the weight of a revi'it. These measurements are necessary for a person to remember at all times.

אֹכֶל שֶׁהוּא מֻתָּר בַּאֲכִילָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא אָסוּר לְזֶה הַמְעָרֵב הֲרֵי זֶה מְעָרֵב בּוֹ וּמִשְׁתַּתֵּף בּוֹ. כֵּיצַד. מִשְׁתַּתֵּף הַנָּזִיר בְּיַיִן וְיִשְׂרָאֵל בִּתְרוּמָה. וְכֵן הַנּוֹדֵר מֵאֹכֶל זֶה אוֹ שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּע שֶׁלֹּא יֹאכְלֶנּוּ מְעָרֵב בּוֹ וּמִשְׁתַּתֵּף בּוֹ. שֶׁאִם אֵינוֹ רָאוּי לָזֶה הֲרֵי הוּא רָאוּי לְאַחֵר:

[All] food that is permitted to be eaten, even if the person who uses it is forbidden to partake of it, may be used for an eruv or for a shituf. What is implied? A nazirite may establish a shituf using wine, and an Israelite [may establish a shituf using] terumah. Similarly, a person who takes a vow or an oath not to partake of a particular food may use it for an eruv or a shituf. For if it is not fit for one person [to partake of], it is fit for another.

אֲבָל דָּבָר הָאָסוּר לַכֹּל כְּגוֹן טֶבֶל אֲפִלּוּ טֶבֶל שֶׁל דִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים. וְכֵן מַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן שֶׁלֹּא נִטְּלָה תְּרוּמָתוֹ כַּהֹגֶן. וְכֵן מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי וְהֶקְדֵּשׁ שֶׁלֹּא נִפְדּוּ כַּהֲלָכָה. אֵין מְעָרְבִין וּמִשְׁתַּתְּפִין בָּהֶן. אֲבָל מְעָרְבִין וּמִשְׁתַּתְּפִין בִּדְמַאי מִפְּנֵי שֶׁרָאוּי לָעֲנִיִּים. וּבְמַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן שֶׁנִּטְּלָה תְּרוּמָתוֹ. וּבְמַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי וְהֶקְדֵּשׁ שֶׁנִּפְדּוּ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא נָתַן אֶת הַחֹמֶשׁ שֶׁאֵין הַחֹמֶשׁ מְעַכֵּב. וּמְעָרְבִין בְּמַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא רָאוּי שָׁם לַאֲכִילָה אֲבָל לֹא בִּגְבוּלִין:

A forbidden [food] - e.g., tevel, even food that is considered tevel only by Rabbinic decree, the first tithe from which terumah was improperly taken, or the second tithe or consecrated articles that were not redeemed in the proper manner - by contrast, may not be used for an eruv or a shituf. We may, however, use d'mai for an eruv or a shituf, since it is fit to be used by the poor. Similarly, we may use the first tithe after terumah was removed, and the second tithe or consecrated articles that were redeemed, even if the [additional] fifth of their value was not paid. For [failure to give] the [additional] fifth does not [void the redemption of these articles]. We may use the second tithe in Jerusalem, since it is fit to be eaten there, but [it may] not [be used] outside [that city].

כֵּיצַד מְעָרְבִין בַּחֲצֵרוֹת. גּוֹבִין חַלָּה אַחַת שְׁלֵמָה מִכָּל בַּיִת וּבַיִת וּמַנִּיחִין הַכֹּל בִּכְלִי אֶחָד בְּבַיִת אֶחָד מִבָּתֵּי הֶחָצֵר אֲפִלּוּ בְּבֵית הַתֶּבֶן אוֹ בְּבֵית הַבָּקָר אוֹ בְּבֵית הָאוֹצָר. אֲבָל אִם נָתְנוּ בְּבֵית שַׁעַר אֲפִלּוּ בֵּית שַׁעַר שֶׁל יָחִיד אוֹ בְּאַכְסַדְרָה אוֹ בְּמִרְפֶּסֶת אוֹ בְּבַיִת שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת עַל אַרְבַּע אַמּוֹת אֵינוֹ עֵרוּב. וּכְשֶׁמְּקַבֵּץ הָעֵרוּב מְבָרֵךְ בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה' אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו וְצִוָּנוּ עַל מִצְוַת עֵרוּב. וְאוֹמֵר בְּעֵרוּב זֶה יִהְיֶה מֻתָּר לְכָל בְּנֵי הֶחָצֵר לְהוֹצִיא וּלְהַכְנִיס מִבַּיִת לְבַיִת בְּשַׁבָּת. וְיֵשׁ לְקָטָן לִגְבּוֹת עֵרוּבֵי חֲצֵרוֹת. וּבַיִת שֶׁמַּנִּיחִין בּוֹ עֵרוּב אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לִתֵּן אֶת הַפַּת. וְאִם הָיוּ רְגִילִין לְהַנִּיחַ בּוֹ אֵין מְשַׁנִּין אוֹתוֹ מִפְּנֵי דַּרְכֵי שָׁלוֹם:

How is an eruv [joining the entire area of] a courtyard together established? We collect a complete loaf of bread from every house and place all [the loaves] in a single container in one of the houses of the courtyard. Even a granary, a barn, or a storehouse [is acceptable for this purpose]. If, however, the eruv was placed in a gatehouse - even a gatehouse belonging to a private individual - an exedra, a porch, or a house that is not four cubits by four cubits, it is not considered an eruv. When the eruv is gathered together, one recites the blessing: "Blessed be You, G-d, our Lord, King of the Universe, who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us concerning the mitzvah of the eruv." [Afterwards,] one says, "With this eruv, all the inhabitants of this courtyard will be permitted to bring objects in and out from one house to another." A minor may collect [the bread for] the eruv [joining the entire area of] a courtyard together. The house in which the eruv is placed need not give a loaf of bread. If [the inhabitants of a courtyard] ordinarily place [the eruv in one house], as an expression of "the ways of peace" it is proper that they should not change [to another home].

וְכֵיצַד מִשְׁתַּתְּפִין בְּמָבוֹי. גּוֹבֶה אֹכֶל כִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת מִכָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד אוֹ פָּחוֹת מִכִּגְרוֹגֶרֶת אִם הָיוּ מְרֻבִּין. וּמַנִּיחַ הַכֹּל בִּכְלִי אֶחָד בְּחָצֵר מֵחַצְרוֹת הַמָּבוֹי אוֹ בְּבַיִת מִן הַבָּתִּים אֲפִלּוּ בַּיִת קָטָן אוֹ אַכְסַדְרָה אוֹ מִרְפֶּסֶת הֲרֵי זֶה שִׁתּוּף. אֲבָל אִם הִנִּיחוֹ בַּאֲוִיר מָבוֹי אֵינוֹ שִׁתּוּף. וְאִם הִנִּיחַ הַכְּלִי בֶּחָצֵר צָרִיךְ לְהַגְבִּיהַּ הַכְּלִי מִן הַקַּרְקַע טֶפַח כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה נִכָּר. וּמְבָרֵךְ עַל מִצְוַת עֵרוּב. וְאוֹמֵר בְּזֶה הַשִּׁתּוּף יִהְיֶה מֻתָּר לְכָל בְּנֵי הַמָּבוֹי לְהוֹצִיא וּלְהַכְנִיס מֵחֲצֵרוֹת לַמָּבוֹי בְּשַׁבָּת:

How is a shituf established for a lane? We collect [an amount of food] equivalent to the size of a dried fig from each and every person - or less than this amount, if many people are involved. The entire amount is placed in a single container in one of the courtyards in the lane, or in one of the homes. [It is even acceptable] to place it in a small home, in an exedra, or in a porch. If, however, one leaves it in the open space of the lane, it is not acceptable. If one leaves the container in one of the courtyards, one must lift the container at least a handbreadth above the ground of the courtyard, so that it will be obvious. [When making the shituf,] one recites the blessing, "... concerning the mitzvah of the eruv," and says, "With this shituf, it will be permitted for all the inhabitants of this lane to bring objects in and out - from the lane to the courtyard and from the courtyard to the lane - on the Sabbath."

חָלְקוּ אֶת הָעֵרוּב אוֹ אֶת הַשִּׁתּוּף אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא בְּבַיִת אֶחָד אֵינוֹ עֵרוּב. אֲבָל אִם מִלְּאוּ אֶת הַכְּלִי מִן הָעֵרוּב וְנִשְׁאַר מִמֶּנּוּ מְעַט וְהִנִּיחוּהוּ בִּכְלִי אַחֵר מֻתָּר:

If one divides the eruv or the shituf, it is no longer effective. [This ruling applies] even if [all the portions of the eruv] are located in a single home. If, however, one fills a container with the eruv and there remains some food that one put in a second container, it is acceptable.

הַמִּשְׁתַּתְּפִין בַּמָּבוֹי צְרִיכִים לְעָרֵב בַּחֲצֵרוֹת כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִשְׁכְּחוּ הַתִּינוֹקוֹת תּוֹרַת עֵרוּב. שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵין הַתִּינוֹקוֹת מַכִּירִין מַה נַּעֲשָׂה בַּמָּבוֹי. לְפִיכָךְ אִם נִשְׁתַּתְּפוּ בַּמָּבוֹי בְּפַת סוֹמְכִין עָלָיו וְאֵין צְרִיכִין לְעָרֵב בַּחֲצֵרוֹת שֶׁהֲרֵי הַתִּינוֹקוֹת מַכִּירִין בַּפַּת. בְּנֵי חֲבוּרָה שֶׁהָיוּ מְסֻבִּין וְקָדַּשׁ עֲלֵיהֶן הַיּוֹם פַּת שֶׁעַל הַשֻּׁלְחָן סוֹמְכִין עָלֶיהָ מִשּׁוּם עֵרוּבֵי חֲצֵרוֹת. וְאִם רָצוּ לִסְמֹךְ עָלֶיהָ מִשּׁוּם שִׁתּוּף סוֹמְכִין אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן מְסֻבִּין בֶּחָצֵר:

The participants in a shituf in a lane must, nevertheless, also make an eruv in their [respective] courtyards, so that their children will not forget the laws of an eruv.For this reason, if bread is used as a shituf in a lane, [the inhabitants] may rely on it, and are not required to make an eruv for the courtyards, for the children will take notice of the bread. If a group of people were participating in a feast together, and the Sabbath commenced, they may rely on the bread on the table before them as an eruv for the courtyard. If they desire to rely on this bread as a shituf for a lane, they may, even though they are dining in a courtyard.

לָקַח אֶחָד מִבְּנֵי הֶחָצֵר פַּת אַחַת וְאָמַר הֲרֵי זוֹ לְכָל בְּנֵי הֶחָצֵר אוֹ שֶׁהוּא אֹכֶל כִּשְׁתֵּי סְעֻדּוֹת וְאָמַר הֲרֵי זֶה לְכָל בְּנֵי הַמָּבוֹי אֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לִגְבּוֹת מִכָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד. אֲבָל צָרִיךְ לְזַכּוֹת לָהֶן בּוֹ עַל יְדֵי אַחֵר. וְיֵשׁ לוֹ לְזַכּוֹת עַל יְדֵי בְּנוֹ וּבִתּוֹ הַגְּדוֹלִים וְעַל יְדֵי עַבְדּוֹ הָעִבְרִי וְעַל יְדֵי אִשְׁתּוֹ. אֲבָל לֹא עַל יְדֵי בְּנוֹ וּבִתּוֹ הַקְּטַנִּים וְלֹא עַל יְדֵי עַבְדּוֹ וְשִׁפְחָתוֹ הַכְּנַעֲנִים מִפְּנֵי שֶׁיָּדָן כְּיָדוֹ. וְכֵן יֵשׁ לוֹ לְזַכּוֹת לָהֶן עַל יְדֵי שִׁפְחָתוֹ הָעִבְרִית אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא קְטַנָּה. שֶׁהַקָּטָן זוֹכֶה לַאֲחֵרִים בְּדָבָר שֶׁהוּא מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים. וְאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לְהוֹדִיעַ לִבְנֵי הֶחָצֵר אוֹ לִבְנֵי הַמָּבוֹי שֶׁהֲרֵי זָכָה לָהֶן וְעֵרֵב עֲלֵיהֶן שֶׁזְּכוּת הִיא לָהֶן וְזָכִין לוֹ לְאָדָם שֶׁלֹּא בְּפָנָיו:

[A person may establish an eruv on behalf of others. For example,] if one of the inhabitants of a courtyard takes bread and says, "Behold, this is for all the inhabitants of the courtyard," or he took an amount of food equivalent to two meals, and says, "This is for all the inhabitants of the lane," he does not have to collect food from each individual. He must, however, [give their portion] to another person, who will acquire it on their behalf. One's son or daughter who has reached majority, one's Hebrew servant, and one's wife may take possession on behalf of others. Neither a son nor a daughter below the age of majority, nor a Canaanite servant or maidservant has this prerogative, because they do not have independent financial status. Similarly, a Hebrew maidservant may take possession on behalf of others, even though she is below the age of majority, for a minor may take possession on behalf of others regarding a matter of Rabbinic law. A person need not inform the inhabitants of a lane or a courtyard that he has granted them [a portion of food] and established an eruv for them, for these deeds are to their benefit, and a person may grant a colleague benefit without the latter's knowledge.

אֵין מְעָרְבִין וְלֹא מִשְׁתַּתְּפִין בְּשַׁבָּת אֶלָּא מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם. וּמְעָרְבִין עֵרוּבֵי חֲצֵרוֹת וְשִׁתּוּפֵי מְבוֹאוֹת בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא סָפֵק מִן הַיּוֹם סָפֵק מִן הַלַּיְלָה. וּלְעוֹלָם צָרִיךְ שֶׁיְּהֵא הָעֵרוּב אוֹ הַשִּׁתּוּף מָצוּי וְאֶפְשָׁר לְאָכְלוֹ כָּל בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת. לְפִיכָךְ אִם נָפַל עָלָיו גַּל אוֹ אָבַד אוֹ נִשְׂרַף אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה תְּרוּמָה וְנִטְמֵאת מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם אֵינוֹ עֵרוּב. מִשֶּׁחֲשֵׁכָה הֲרֵי זֶה עֵרוּב. וְאִם סָפֵק הֲרֵי זֶה עֵרוּב שֶׁסְּפֵק הָעֵרוּב כָּשֵׁר:

Neither an eruv nor a shituf may be established on the Sabbath. Instead, they must be established before nightfall. One may, however, establish an eruv for a courtyard and a shituf for a lane beyn hash'mashot, even though there is a doubt whether that time period is considered to be part of the day or part of the night. The eruv and the shituf must always be accessible, so that one may partake of it throughout the time of beyn hash'mashot. For this reason, if, before nightfall, an avalanche fell upon it, it was lost or burned, or it was terumah and became impure, it is not considered to be an eruv. If the above took place after nightfall, the eruv is acceptable. If one is in doubt when this took place, the eruv is acceptable, because whenever a doubt arises whether an eruv is acceptable or not, it is considered acceptable.

נָתַן הָעֵרוּב אוֹ הַשִּׁתּוּף בַּמִּגְדָּל וְנָעַל עָלָיו וְאָבַד הַמַּפְתֵּחַ קֹדֶם שֶׁחֲשֵׁכָה אִם אִי אֶפְשָׁר לוֹ לְהוֹצִיא הָעֵרוּב אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן עָשָׂה מְלָאכָה בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת הֲרֵי זֶה כְּמִי שֶׁאָבַד וְאֵינוֹ עֵרוּב שֶׁהֲרֵי אִי אֶפְשָׁר לְאָכְלוֹ. הִפְרִישׁ תְּרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר אוֹ תְּרוּמָה גְּדוֹלָה וְהִתְנָה עָלֶיהָ שֶׁלֹּא תִּהְיֶה תְּרוּמָה עַד שֶׁתֶּחְשַׁךְ אֵין מְעָרְבִין בָּהּ שֶׁעֲדַיִן הִיא טֶבֶל כָּל בֵּין הַשְּׁמָשׁוֹת וְצָרִיךְ שֶׁתִּהְיֶה סְעֻדָּה הָרְאוּיָה מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם:

[The following rules apply when] an eruv or a shituf was placed in a tower, [the tower] was locked, and the key was lost before nightfall: If it is impossible to remove the eruv without performing [a forbidden] labor beyn hash'mashot, it is considered as if it had been lost. Therefore, the eruv is not acceptable, for it is impossible for it to be eaten. If a person separated terumat ma'aser or terumah, and made a stipulation that the sacred status not be conveyed [upon these entities] until nightfall, they may not be used for an eruv. [The reason is that] beyn hash'mashot, they are still tevel, and [the food used for an eruv must be fit to be eaten before nightfall.