הלכות ביכורים ושאר מתנות כהונה שבגבולין
20 halachot · Hebrew + English
הַלוֹקֵחַ מִן הַנַּחְתּוֹם חַיָּב בְּחַלָּה. וּמַפְרִישׁ מִן הַחַמָּה עַל הַצּוֹנֶנֶת וּמִן הַצּוֹנֶנֶת עַל הַחַמָּה אֲפִלּוּ מִדְּפוּסִין הַרְבֵּה:
One who purchases bread from a baker is obligated [to separate] challah. He may separate a portion from bread freshly taken from the oven for bread that has cooled or from bread that has cooled for bread freshly taken from the oven. [This applies] even with regard to many trays of bread.
אֵין חַיָּבִין בְּחַלָּה אֶלָּא חֲמִשָּׁה מִינֵי תְּבוּאָה בִּלְבַד וְהֵם הַחִטִּין וְהַשְּׂעוֹרִים וְהַכֻּסְּמִין וְשִׁבּלֶת שׁוּעָל וְהַשִּׁיפוֹן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר טו יט) "בַּאֲכָלְכֶם מִלֶּחֶם הָאָרֶץ". וְאֵין קָרוּי לֶחֶם אֶלָּא פַּת הַנַּעֲשֵׂית מֵאֵלּוּ אֲבָל הָעוֹשֶׂה פַּת אֹרֶז אוֹ דֹּחַן וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן מִן הַקִּטְנִיּוֹת אֵינָן חַיָּבִין בְּחַלָּה כְּלָל:
The obligation [to separate] challah applies only to [dough from] the five species of grain: wheat barley, rye, oats, and spelt, as [implied by Numbers 15:19]: "When you partake of the bread of the land." The term "bread" refers only to a loaf made from these five species. If, however, one makes bread from rice, millet, or other legumes, there is no obligation of challah at all.
הַלֶּקֶט וְהַשִּׁכְחָה וְהַפֵּאָה וְהַהֶפְקֵר וּתְבוּאָה שֶׁלֹּא הֵבִיאָה שְׁלִישׁ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן פְּטוּרִין מִן הַתְּרוּמָה חַיָּבִין עָלֶיהָ בְּחַלָּה. וְכֵן מַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן שֶׁהִקְדִּימוֹ בַּשִּׁבֳּלִים שֶׁנִּטְּלָה תְּרוּמָתוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ חֵלֶק תְּרוּמָה גְּדוֹלָה וּמַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי וְהֶקְדֵּשׁ שֶׁנִּפְדּוּ וּמוֹתַר הָעֹמֶר וּשְׁתֵּי הַלֶּחֶם וְלֶחֶם הַפָּנִים כְּשֶׁיִּפָּדוּ כָּל אוֹתָן הַמּוֹתָרוֹת הַכּל חַיָּבִין בְּחַלָּה:
Although there is no obligation to separate terumah from leket, shichachah, pe'ah, grain which is ownerless, and grain which did not reach a third of its growth, there is an obligation to separate challah from these. Similarly, there is an obligation to separate challah [from dough made from grain in the following circumstances]: the tithes were separated from the grain early while it was still stalks and terumat ma'aser was separated from it, even though the portion of the great terumah is still included in it, [grain that was from] the second tithe or consecrated property that was redeemed, the extra [portions of barley harvested for] the omer offering, the two loaves [prepared to be offered on Shavuot], and [the loaves prepared for] the showbread which were redeemed.
עִסָּה שֶׁל מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם וְעִסַּת שְׁבִיעִית וּסְפֵק מְדֻמָּע חַיָּבִין בְּחַלָּה. אֲבָל הַמְדֻמָּע פָּטוּר מִן הַחַלָּה:
When a dough was made from grain from the second tithe in Jerusalem or from grain from the Sabbatical year, or when there is a doubt whether the dough was made from a mixture of terumah and ordinary produce, there is an obligation to separate challah. A mixture of terumah and ordinary produce is exempt from the obligation of challah.
חַלּוֹת תּוֹדָה וּרְקִיקֵי נָזִיר עֲשָׂאָן לְעַצְמוֹ פְּטוּרִין מִן הַחַלָּה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן קֹדֶשׁ. לְמָכְרָן בַּשּׁוּק לִנְזִירִים וּלְמַקְרִיבֵי תּוֹדָה חַיָּבִין בְּחַלָּה. לְפִי שֶׁבְּדַעְתּוֹ שֶׁאִם לֹא תִּמָּכֵר יֹאכְלֶנָּה:
The loaves for the thanksgiving offering and the wafers for the nazirite offering which a person made for himself are exempt from the obligation of challah, for they are sanctified. [If they were made] to sell in the market place to nazirites and to those bringing thanksgiving offerings, there is an obligation to separate challah, since [the baker] has the intent that if they are not sold [for sacrificial purposes], he will eat them.
עִסַּת הַשֻּׁתָּפִין וְהָעוֹשֶׂה עִסָּה לְרַבִּים חַיֶּבֶת בְּחַלָּה:
There is an obligation to separate challah from a dough made for partners and a dough made for many people.
הָעוֹשֶׂה עִסָּה מִן הַטֶּבֶל. בֵּין שֶׁהִקְדִּים חַלָּה לִתְרוּמָה בֵּין שֶׁהִקְדִּים תְּרוּמָה לְחַלָּה מַה שֶּׁעָשָׂה עָשׂוּי. וְאִם הִפְרִישׁ הַחַלָּה תְּחִלָּה לֹא תֵּאָכֵל עַד שֶׁיּוֹצִיא עָלֶיהָ תְּרוּמָה וּתְרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר. וְאִם הִפְרִישׁ תְּחִלָּה תְּרוּמָה לֹא תֵּאָכֵל עַד שֶׁיּוֹצִיא עָלֶיהָ חַלָּה:
When a person makes dough using grain that is tevel - whether the challah is separated before terumah or the terumah separated before challah - what he did is effective. If he separated the challah first, he should not partake of it until he separates terumah and terumat ma'aser for it. If he separated terumah first, he should not partake of it until he separates challah.
הָעוֹשֶׂה עִסָּה לְהַאֲכִיל הַפַּת שֶׁלָּהּ לִבְהֵמָה אוֹ לְחַיָּה פְּטוּרָה. עִסַּת הַכְּלָבִים בִּזְמַן שֶׁהָרוֹעִים אוֹכְלִין מִמֶּנָּה חַיֶּבֶת בְּחַלָּה. עִסַּת הָעַכּוּ"ם פְּטוּרָה:
When a person makes a dough with the intent of feeding the bread baked from it to a domesticated animal or a wild animal, it is exempt from challah. There is an obligation to separate challah from a dough made for dogs which is eaten by the shepherds. A dough made by a gentile is exempt from challah.
הָיוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְעַכּוּ"ם שֻׁתָּפִין בָּעִסָּה אִם הָיָה בְּחֵלֶק יִשְׂרָאֵל שִׁעוּר עִסָּה הַחַיֶּבֶת בְּחַלָּה הֲרֵי זוֹ חַיֶּבֶת בְּחַלָּה:
If a gentile and a Jew were partners in a dough and the portion owned by the Jew was large enough to be liable for challah, it is liable for challah.
עַכּוּ"ם שֶׁהִפְרִישׁ חַלָּה אֲפִלּוּ בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵינָהּ חַלָּה. אֶלָּא מוֹדִיעִין אוֹתוֹ שֶׁאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ וְתֵאָכֵל לְזָר. וְלָמָּה לֹא חָשַׁשְׁנוּ לָהּ שֶׁמָּא עִסָּה שֶׁל יִשְׂרָאֵל הִיא וְתָלָה אוֹתָהּ בְּיַד עַכּוּ"ם וּכְדֵי לְפָטְרָהּ. שֶׁאִם יִרְצֶה יִשְׂרָאֵל יִפְטֹר עַצְמוֹ וְיַעֲשֶׂה יִשְׂרָאֵל עִסָּתוֹ פָּחוֹת מִשִּׁעוּר חַלָּה:
When a gentile separates challah even in Eretz Yisrael, it is not challah. Instead, we inform him that he does not have to [observe this mitzvah. The dough separated] may be eaten by a non-priest. Why do we not suspect that maybe the dough belonged to a Jew and he gave it to a gentile so that it will be exempt? Because if a Jew wanted to exempt himself he could do so by making his dough smaller than the required measure.
הַמְעָרֵב קֶמַח חִטִּין וְקֶמַח אֹרֶז וְעָשָׂה מֵהֶן עִסָּה אִם יֵשׁ בָּהּ טַעַם דָּגָן חַיֶּבֶת בְּחַלָּה וְאִם לָאו פְּטוּרָה. אֲפִלּוּ הָיָה הַשְּׂאוֹר חִטִּים לְתוֹךְ עִסַּת אֹרֶז. אִם יֵשׁ בָּהּ טַעַם דָּגָן חַיֶּבֶת בְּחַלָּה וְאִם לָאו פְּטוּרָה:
[The following laws apply when a person] mixes flour from wheat and rice flour and makes a dough: If it has the flavor of grain, challah must be separated from it. If not, it is exempt. Even if one placed yeast from wheat into a dough from rice, one is obligated to separate challah from it if it has the flavor of wheat. If it does not have that flavor, it is exempt.
עִסָּה שֶׁנִּלּוֹשָׁה בְּיַיִן אוֹ שֶׁמֶן אוֹ דְּבַשׁ אוֹ מַיִם רוֹתְחִים אוֹ שֶׁנָּתַן לְתוֹכָהּ תַּבְלִין אוֹ הִרְתִּיחַ הַמַּיִם וְהִשְׁלִיךְ הַקֶּמַח לְתוֹכוֹ וְלָשׁוֹ. אִם אֲפָאָהּ בֵּין בְּתַנּוּר בֵּין בְּקַרְקַע בֵּין עַל הַמַּחֲבַת וְהַמַּרְחֶשֶׁת. בֵּין שֶׁהִדְבִּיק אֶת הַבָּצֵק בְּמַחֲבַת וּבְמַרְחֶשֶׁת וְאַחַר כָּךְ הִרְתִּיחָן בָּאֵשׁ מִלְּמַטָּה עַד שֶׁנֶּאֱפֵית הַפַּת. בֵּין שֶׁהִרְתִּיחָהּ וְאַחַר כָּךְ הִדְבִּיק הַבָּצֵק. כָּל אֵלּוּ חַיָּבִין בְּחַלָּה. אֲבָל הָעוֹשֶׂה עִסָּה לְיַבְּשָׁהּ בַּחַמָּה בִּלְבַד אוֹ לְבַשְּׁלָהּ בִּקְדֵרָה הֲרֵי הִיא פְּטוּרָה מִן הַחַלָּה שֶׁאֵין מַעֲשֵׂה חַמָּה לֶחֶם בֵּין שֶׁלָּשָׁהּ בְּמַיִם בֵּין שֶׁלָּשָׁהּ בִּשְׁאָר מַשְׁקִין. וְכֵן קָלִי שֶׁלָּשִׁין אוֹתוֹ בְּמַיִם אוֹ בִּדְבַשׁ וְאוֹכְלִין אוֹתוֹ בְּלֹא אֲפִיָּה פָּטוּר שֶׁאֵין חַיֶּבֶת אֶלָּא עִסָּה שֶׁסּוֹפָהּ לְהֵאָפוֹת לֶחֶם לְמַאֲכַל אָדָם:
There is an obligation to separate challah in all [the following instances]: a dough that was kneaded with wine, oil, or honey, or with boiling water, or one in which spices where placed, water was boiled and flour was placed inside of it and a dough was kneaded. [And challah must be separated when] dough was baked whether in an oven or [in a pit] in the earth, whether in a frying pan or a deep pan, whether first one attached the dough to the frying pan or the deep pan and then heated them with fire from below until the loaf was baked or one heated them first and then attached the dough. If, however, one made a dough to dry it in the sun alone or to cook it in a pot, it is exempt from challah, for [dough cooked] in the sun is not bread whether it was kneaded with water or other liquids. Similarly, roasted grain that was kneaded whether with water or honey and which is eaten without being baked is exempt, for the obligation of challah applies only to a dough that will ultimately be baked as bread for human consumption.
עִסָּה שֶׁלָּשָׁהּ תְּחִלָּה לַעֲשׂוֹתָהּ מַעֲשֵׂה חַמָּה וְהִשְׁלִימָהּ לַעֲשׂוֹתָהּ פַּת. אוֹ שֶׁהִתְחִיל בָּהּ לֶאֱפוֹת פַּת וְהִשְׁלִימָהּ לַעֲשׂוֹת מַעֲשֵׂה חַמָּה. וְכֵן קָלִי שֶׁלָּשׁוֹ לֶאֱפוֹתוֹ פַּת חַיָּבִין בְּחַלָּה:
When a dough was first kneaded to make a dough to be cooked in the sun and then the person completed making it for a loaf of bread, or he began making it to bake bread and completed it to cook it in the sun and similarly, when roasted flour was kneaded to bake a loaf of bread, there is an obligation to separate challah.
לֶחֶם הֶעָשׂוּי לְכוּתָח מַעֲשֶׂיהָ מוֹכִיחִין עָלֶיהָ. עֲשָׂאָהּ כְּעָכִין חַיֶּבֶת בְּחַלָּה. עֲשָׂאָהּ כְּלִמּוּדִין פְּטוּרָה מִן הַחַלָּה:
When bread was baked to be used for kutach, the manner in which it is made indicates the intent. If it was made as cakes, there is an obligation to separate challah. If he made it in strips, it is exempt from challah.
כַּמָּה שִׁעוּר הָעִסָּה שֶׁחַיֶּבֶת בְּחַלָּה. מְלֹא הָעֹמֶר קֶמַח בֵּין מֵאֶחָד מֵחֲמִשָּׁה מִינִים בֵּין מֵחֲמִשְׁתָּן כֻּלָּם מִצְטָרְפִין לְשִׁעוּר. וְכַמָּה הוּא שִׁעוּר הָעֹמֶר שְׁנֵי קַבִּין פָּחוֹת חֹמֶשׁ. וְהַקַּב אַרְבָּעָה לוֹגִין. וְהַלּוֹג אַרְבַּע רְבִיעִיּוֹת וְהָרְבִיעִית אֶצְבָּעַיִם עַל אֶצְבָּעַיִם בְּרוּם אֶצְבָּעַיִם וַחֲצִי אֶצְבַּע וְחֹמֶשׁ אֶצְבַּע. וְכָל הָאֶצְבָּעוֹת הֵם רֹחַב גוּדָל אֶצְבָּעוֹת שֶׁל יָד. נִמְצֵאתָ לָמֵד שֶׁהַמִּדָּה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ עֶשֶׂר אֶצְבָּעוֹת עַל עֶשֶׂר אֶצְבָּעוֹת בְּרוּם שָׁלֹשׁ אֶצְבָּעוֹת וּתְשִׁעַ אֶצְבַּע בְּקֵרוּב הוּא הָעֹמֶר. וְכֵן מִדָּה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ שֶׁבַע אֶצְבָּעוֹת פָּחוֹת שְׁנֵי תְּשִׁיעֵי אֶצְבַּע עַל שֶׁבַע אֶצְבָּעוֹת פָּחוֹת שְׁנֵי תְּשִׁיעֵי אֶצְבַּע בְּרוּם שֶׁבַע אֶצְבָּעוֹת פָּחוֹת שְׁנֵי תְּשִׁיעֵי אֶצְבַּע הִיא מִדַּת הָעֹמֶר. וּשְׁתֵּי הַמִּדּוֹת כְּאֶחָד הֵם עוֹלִים. וְכַמָּה מְכִילָה מִדָּה זוֹ כְּמוֹ אַרְבָּעִים וְשָׁלֹשׁ בֵּיצִים בֵּינוֹנִיּוֹת וְחֹמֶשׁ בֵּיצָה וְהֵם מִשְׁקַל שִׁשָּׁה וּשְׁמוֹנִים סְלָעִים וּשְׁנֵי שְׁלִישֵׁי סֶלַע מִקֶּמַח הַחִטִּים שֶׁבְּמִצְרַיִם. שֶׁהֵם מִשְׁקַל חֲמֵשׁ מֵאוֹת וְעֶשְׂרִים זוּז מִזּוּזֵי מִצְרַיִם בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה. וּמִדָּה שֶׁמְּכִילָה כַּמִּשְׁקָל הַזֶּה מִקֶּמַח הַחִטִּים הַזֶּה בָּהּ מוֹדְדִין לְחַלָּה בְּכָל מָקוֹם:
What is the minimum measure of dough from which we are obligated to separate challah? An entire omer of flour, whether from one of the five species or from all five together, for they are all combined to reach the minimum measure. What is the measure of an omer? One fifth [of a kab] less than two kabbin. A kab is four lugim and a log is four revi'iot. A revi'it is the volume of a cube two fingerbreadths by two fingerbreadths by a height of two and seven tenths fingerbreadths. A fingerbreadth refers to the width of a thumb. Thus an omer is a measure that is ten fingerbreadths by ten fingerbreadths by a height of approximately 3 and one ninth fingerbreadths. Similarly, a cube with each side six and seven ninths fingerbreadths produces a measure of an omer. How much does this measure contain? The volume of 43 and 1/5 eggs. This is equivalent to the weight of 86 2/3 selaim of Egyptian wheat flour. This is equivalent to 520 zuz of Egyptian zuzim at present. A measure that comprises such a weight of wheat is used universally to measure for the separation of challah.
אָסוּר לְאָדָם לַעֲשׂוֹת עִסָּתוֹ פָּחוֹת פָּחוֹת מִכַּשִּׁעוּר כְּדֵי לְפָטְרָהּ מִן הַחַלָּה. וְהַמַּפְרִישׁ חַלָּה מֵעִסָּה שֶׁהִיא פְּחוּתָה מִכַּשִּׁעוּר לֹא עָשָׂה כְּלוּם וַהֲרֵי הִיא חֻלִּין כְּשֶׁהָיְתָה. עָשָׂה עִסָּה פְּחוּתָה מִכַּשִּׁעוּר וַאֲפָאָהּ וְנָתַן הַפַּת לַסַּל. וְחָזַר וְאָפָה פַּת אַחֶרֶת וְנָתַן לַסַּל אִם נִתְקַבֵּץ בַּסַּל שִׁעוּר חַלָּה הַסַּל מְצָרְפָן לְחַלָּה וּמַפְרֵשׁ הַחַלָּה מִן הַפַּת. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר טו יט) "וְהָיָה בַּאֲכָלְכֶם מִלֶּחֶם הָאָרֶץ" מְלַמֵּד שֶׁהוּא מַפְרִישׁ מִן הָאָפוּי. וְאֵין הַתַּנּוּר מְצָרְפָן לְחַלָּה:
It is forbidden for a person to make his dough less than the minimum measure in order to free it from the obligation of challah. When a person separates challah from a dough that is smaller than the prescribed measure, his actions are of no consequence and the dough is ordinary dough as before. When a person made a dough that is less than the prescribed measure, baked it, and put the loaf in a basket, baked another loaf and put it in the basket, and [continued doing this] until a measure from which challah [must be separated] was collected in the basket, the basket joins them together [as a single entity, establishing an obligation for] challah. He must separate challah from the bread. This is derived [from the prooftext mentioned above]: "When you partake of the bread of the land." [The verse] teaches that one should separate [challah] from [bread] that is baked. An oven, [however,] does not join loaves together [to create an obligation to separate] challah.
הָיוּ הַכִּכָּרוֹת נוֹשְׁכוֹת זוֹ בְּזוֹ וְנִתְקַבֵּץ מִן הַכּל שִׁעוּר חַלָּה חַיָּבִין בְּחַלָּה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינָן בַּסַּל. אָפָה מְעַט מְעַט וְקִבֵּץ הַכּל עַל לוּחַ שֶׁאֵין לוֹ תּוֹךְ הֲרֵי זֶה סָפֵק. וְאִם חַלָּה שֶׁל דִּבְרֵיהֶם הִיא אֵינוֹ חַיָּב לְהַפְרִישׁ עַד שֶׁיְּצָרֵף אוֹתוֹ כְּלִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ תּוֹךְ:
If [small] loaves were joined together and a quantity equal to the measure of challah was gathered together, there is an obligation to separate challah. [This applies] even if they are not placed in a basket [together]. If one baked loaves a little bit at a time and gathered together the entire quantity on a board that does not have a cavity, there is a doubt regarding [the matter]. If [the obligation to separate] challah is of Rabbinic origin, one is not obligated to separate it until they are gathered in a container with a cavity.
קֶמַח שֶׁלֹּא רִקְּדּוֹ אֶלָּא לָשׁוֹ בַּסֻּבִּין שֶׁלּוֹ. הוֹאִיל וְיֵשׁ בְּכָל הַקֶּמַח עֹמֶר חַיָּב בְּחַלָּה. אֲבָל אִם נָטַל הַמֻּרְסָן מִן הַקֶּמַח וְחָזַר וְהִשְׁלִים שִׁעוּר הָעִסָּה בַּמֻּרְסָן שֶׁהֶחֱזִירוֹ לַקֶּמַח אֵינוֹ חַיָּב בְּחַלָּה:
When flour was not sifted, but instead kneaded together with its bran, since the entire measure of the flour comprises an omer, there is an obligation [to separate] challah. If, however, one removed the bran from the flour and then completed the [required] measure of dough by returning the bran to the flour, there is no obligation to separate challah.
נַחְתּוֹם שֶׁעָשָׂה עִסָּה לַעֲשׂוֹתָהּ שְׂאוֹר לְחַלְּקָהּ חַיֶּבֶת בְּחַלָּה. שֶׁאִם לֹא תִּמָּכֵר יַעֲשֶׂנָּה פַּת. אֲבָל הָעוֹשֶׂה עִסָּה לְחַלְּקָהּ בָּצֵק פְּטוּרָה:
When a baker makes a dough to become yeast and divide it up, there is an obligation [to separate] challah, for if it is not sold, he will use it as bread. If, however, one makes a dough to divide it while dough, it is exempt.
נָשִׁים שֶׁנָּתְנוּ קֶמַח לְנַחְתּוֹם לַעֲשׂוֹת לָהֶם שְׂאוֹר. אִם אֵין בְּשֶׁל אַחַת מֵהֶן כַּשִּׁעוּר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ בִּכְלָלָן כַּשִּׁעוּר פְּטוּרָה:
[The following law applies when] women give flour to a baker to make yeast. If none of them individually [gave enough flour to make a dough] that comprises the required measure - even though [the dough made from the flour which] they all [gave] does - it is exempt.