הלכות מאכלות אסורות
24 halachot · Hebrew + English
כָּל אִסּוּרִין שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ הֵן בְּמִינֵי נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה. וְיֵשׁ אִסּוּרִין אֲחֵרִים שֶׁל תּוֹרָה בְּזֶרַע הָאָרֶץ וְהֵן הֶחָדָשׁ וְכִלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם וְהַטֶּבֶל וְהָעָרְלָה:
All the prohibitions we mentioned involve living beings. There are also other Scriptural prohibitions that involve the produce of the earth. They include: chadash, kilai hakerem, tevel, and orlah.
הֶחָדָשׁ כֵּיצַד. כָּל אֶחָד מֵחֲמִשָּׁה מִינֵי תְּבוּאָה בִּלְבַד אָסוּר לֶאֱכל מֵהֶחָדָשׁ שֶׁלּוֹ קֹדֶם שֶׁיִּקָּרֵב הָעֹמֶר בְּט"ז בְּנִיסָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כג יד) "וְלֶחֶם וְקָלִי וְכַרְמֶל לֹא תֹאכְלוּ". וְכָל הָאוֹכֵל כְּזַיִת חָדָשׁ קֹדֶם הַקְרָבַת הָעֹמֶר לוֹקֶה מִן הַתּוֹרָה בְּכָל מָקוֹם וּבְכָל זְמַן בֵּין בָּאָרֶץ בֵּין בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ בֵּין בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת. אֶלָּא שֶׁבִּזְמַן שֶׁיֵּשׁ מִקְדָּשׁ מִשֶּׁיִּקָּרֵב הָעֹמֶר הֻתַּר הֶחָדָשׁ בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם. וְהַמְּקוֹמוֹת הָרְחוֹקִין מֻתָּרִין אַחַר חֲצוֹת שֶׁאֵין בֵּית דִּין מִתְעַצְּלִין בּוֹ עַד אַחַר חֲצוֹת. וּבִזְמַן שֶׁאֵין בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ כָּל הַיּוֹם כֻּלּוֹ אָסוּר מִן הַתּוֹרָה. וּבַזְּמַן הַזֶּה בִּמְקוֹמוֹת שֶׁעוֹשִׂין שְׁנֵי יָמִים טוֹבִים הֶחָדָשׁ אָסוּר כָּל יוֹם י"ז בְּנִיסָן עַד לָעֶרֶב מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים:
What is meant by chadash? It is forbidden to partake of any of the five species of grain alone before the omer is offered on the sixteenth of Nisan, as [Leviticus 23:14] states: "You may not partake of bread, roasted kernels, or fresh kernels." Anyone who partakes of an olive-sized portion of fresh grain before the offering of the omer is liable for lashes. [This applies] in every place and at all times, whether in Eretz [Yisrael] or in the Diaspora, whether at the time of the Temple or when the Temple is no longer standing. [The only difference in observance is that] while the Temple is standing, once the omer has been offered, it is permitted [to partake of] new grain in Jerusalem. Distant places are permitted [to partake of new grain] after midday. For the court will not be indolent with regard to [the offering of omer] beyond midday. [Now] when the Temple is no longer standing, the entire day is forbidden according to Scriptural Law. In the present age, in the places where the festivals are observed for two days, chadash is forbidden on the entire day of the seventeenth of Nisan until the evening according to Rabbinic Law.
הָאוֹכֵל לֶחֶם וְקָלִי וְכַרְמֶל כְּזַיִת מִכָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד לוֹקֶה שָׁלֹשׁ מַלְקִיּוֹת שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כג יד) "וְלֶחֶם וְקָלִי וְכַרְמֶל לֹא תֹאכְלוּ". מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁשְּׁלָשְׁתָּן בַּלָּאוִין חֲלוּקִין זֶה מִזֶּה:
When a person partakes of an olive-sized portion of bread from each of roasted kernels, or fresh kernels [from chadash], he is liable for three sets of lashes, as [implied by the verse]: "You may not partake of bread, roasted kernels, or fresh kernels." According to the Oral Tradition, we learned that all three involve separate prohibitions.
כָּל תְּבוּאָה שֶׁהִשְׁרִישָׁה קֹדֶם הַקְרָבַת הָעֹמֶר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא נִגְמְרָה אֶלָּא אַחַר שֶׁקָּרַב מֻתֶּרֶת בַּאֲכִילָה מִשֶּׁקָּרַב הָעֹמֶר. וּתְבוּאָה שֶׁהִשְׁרִישָׁה אַחַר שֶׁקָּרַב הָעֹמֶר אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהָיְתָה זְרוּעָה קֹדֶם שֶׁקָּרַב הָעֹמֶר הֲרֵי זוֹ אֲסוּרָה עַד שֶׁיִּקָּרֵב הָעֹמֶר שֶׁל שָׁנָה הַבָּאָה. וְדִין זֶה בְּכָל מָקוֹם וּבְכָל זְמַן מִן הַתּוֹרָה:
Whenever grain took root before the offering of the omer, it is permitted to be eaten after the offering of the omer despite the fact that it did not reach maturity until after that offering. Grain that took root after the offering of the omer is forbidden until the offering of that sacrifice the following year even though it was planted before that offering was brought. This law applies in every place and in every era according to Scriptural Law.
תְּבוּאָה שֶׁהִשְׁרִישָׁה אַחַר הָעֹמֶר וּקְצָרָה וְזָרַע מִן הַחִטִּים בַּקַּרְקַע. וְאַחַר כָּךְ קָרַב הָעֹמֶר הַבָּא וַעֲדַיִן הַחִטִּים בַּקַּרְקַע. הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ סָפֵק אִם הִתִּירָן הָעֹמֶר כְּאִלּוּ הָיוּ מֻנָּחִין בְּכַד. אוֹ לֹא יַתִּיר אוֹתָן מִפְּנֵי שֶׁבָּטְלוּ בַּקַּרְקַע. לְפִיכָךְ אִם לִקֵּט מֵהֶם וְאָכַל אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה. וּמַכִּין אוֹתוֹ מַכַּת מַרְדּוּת. וְכֵן שִׁבּלֶת שֶׁהֵבִיאָה שְׁלִישׁ מִלִּפְנֵי הָעֹמֶר וַעֲקָרָהּ וּשְׁתָלָהּ אַחַר שֶׁקָּרַב הָעֹמֶר וְהוֹסִיפָה הֲרֵי זוֹ סָפֵק אִם תִּהְיֶה אֲסוּרָה מִפְּנֵי הַתּוֹסֶפֶת עַד שֶׁיָּבוֹא הָעֹמֶר הַבָּא אוֹ לֹא תִּהְיֶה אֲסוּרָה שֶׁהֲרֵי הִשְׁרִישָׁה קֹדֶם הָעֹמֶר:
[There is an unresolved halachic difficulty in the following situations:] Grain took root after the omer. One harvested it and sowed this wheat in the ground. Afterwards, the omer of the following year was offered, while these kernels of wheat were still in the ground. There is a doubt whether [the offering of] the omer caused [these kernels] to be permitted as if they had been stored in a jar or it did not cause them to be permitted, because they have been nullified in the ground. Therefore if a person collected them and partook of them, he is not liable for lashes, but [instead] is given stripes for rebellious conduct. Similarly, when a stalk reached a third of its growth before the offering of the omer, one uprooted it and then replanted it after the offering of the omer, and it increased in size. There is a doubt whether it is forbidden because of the increase in size until the offering of the omer the following year or it is not forbidden because it took root before the offering of the omer.
כִּלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם כֵּיצַד. מִין מִמִּינֵי תְּבוּאָה אוֹ מִינֵי יְרָקוֹת שֶׁנִּזְרְעוּ עִם הַגֶּפֶן. בֵּין שֶׁזָּרַע יִשְׂרָאֵל בֵּין שֶׁזָּרַע נָכְרִי. בֵּין שֶׁעָלוּ מֵאֲלֵיהֶן. בֵּין שֶׁנָּטַע הַגֶּפֶן בְּתוֹךְ הָיָּרָק. שְׁנֵיהֶם אֲסוּרִין בַּאֲכִילָה וּבַהֲנָיָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כב ט) "פֶּן תִּקְדַּשׁ הַמְּלֵאָה הַזֶּרַע אֲשֶׁר תִּזְרָע וּתְבוּאַת הַכָּרֶם". כְּלוֹמַר פֶּן תִּתְרַחֵק וְתֶאֱסֹר שְׁנֵיהֶם:
What is meant by kilai hakerem? Sowing a species of grain or a type of vegetable together with a vine. [This applies] whether they were sown by a Jew or a non-Jew, whether they grew on their own, or whether one planted a vine among vegetables, we are prohibited against partaking and benefiting from both of them, as [Deuteronomy 22:9] states: "Lest the fullness of the seed which you sowed and the produce of the vineyard become hallowed." ["Becom[ing] hallowed"] means being set apart and forbidden.
וְהָאוֹכֵל כְּזַיִת מִכִּלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם בֵּין מִן הַיָּרָק בֵּין מִן הָעֲנָבִים לוֹקֶה מִן הַתּוֹרָה. וּשְׁנֵיהֶם מִצְטָרְפִין זֶה עִם זֶה:
One who eats an olive-sized portion from kilai hakerem, whether from the vegetables or from the grapes is liable for lashes according to Scriptural Law. The two can be combined to reach this measure.
בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים שֶׁנִּזְרְעוּ בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. אֲבָל בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ כִּלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים. וּבְהִלְכוֹת כִּלְאַיִם יִתְבָּאֵר אֵי זֶה מִין אָסוּר בְּכִלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם וְאֵי זֶה מִין אֵינוֹ אָסוּר וְהֵיאַךְ יֶאֱסֹר וּמָתַי יֵאָסֵר וְאֵי זֶה דָּבָר מְקַדֵּשׁ וְאֵי זֶה אֵינוֹ מְקַדֵּשׁ:
When does the above apply? When they were sown in Eretz Yisrael. In the Diaspora, by contrast, kilai hakerem are forbidden by Rabbinic decree. In Hilchot Kelayim, it will be explained which species are forbidden as kilai hakerem and which are not forbidden, how they become forbidden, when they become forbidden, in which situations, produce causes vines to become "hallowed," and when they do not cause them to become "hallowed."
הָעָרְלָה כֵּיצַד. כָּל הַנּוֹטֵעַ אִילַן מַאֲכָל כָּל פֵּרוֹת שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתוֹ אִילָן שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים מִשֶּׁנָּטַע הֲרֵי הֵן אֲסוּרִין בַּאֲכִילָה וּבַהֲנָאָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט כג) "שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים יִהְיֶה לָכֶם עֲרֵלִים לֹא יֵאָכֵל". וְכָל הָאוֹכֵל מֵהֶם כְּזַיִת לוֹקֶה מִן הַתּוֹרָה:
What is meant by orlah? Whenever anyone plants a fruit tree, it is forbidden to partake of or benefit from all of the fruit the tree produces for three years after being planted, as [Leviticus 19:23] states: "For three years, they shall be closed off for you, they may not be eaten." Whoever eats an olive-sized portion of such fruit is liable for lashes according to Scriptural Law.
בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּנוֹטֵעַ בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט כג) "כִּי תָבֹאוּ אֶל הָאָרֶץ" וְגוֹ'. אֲבָל אִסּוּר עָרְלָה בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ הֲלָכָה לְמשֶׁה מִסִּינַי שֶׁוַּדַּאי הָעָרְלָה בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ אֲסוּרָה וּסְפֵקָהּ מֻתָּר. וּבְהִלְכוֹת מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי יִתְבָּאֵר דְּבָרִים הָאֲסוּרִין מִשּׁוּם עָרְלָה וּדְבָרִים הַמֻּתָּרִין:
What is this [law of orlah] referring to? A case where one plants in the Land of Israel, as it is written (Leviticus 19:23), "When you shall enter the land," etc. But the prohibition of orlah outside Israel is a "Halacha of Moses from Sinai," for true orlah outside Israel is forbidden, and in a case of doubt, it is permitted. And in the laws of Maaser Sheni we shall explain what is forbidden and what is permitted on account of orlah.
סְפֵק עָרְלָה וְכִלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל אָסוּר. בְּסוּרְיָא וְהִיא אֲרָצוֹת שֶׁכָּבַשׁ דָּוִד מֻתָּר. כֵּיצַד. הָיָה כֶּרֶם וְעָרְלָה וַעֲנָבִים נִמְכָּרוֹת חוּצָה לוֹ. הָיָה יָרָק זָרוּעַ בְּתוֹכוֹ וְיָרָק נִמְכָּר חוּצָה לוֹ. שֶׁמָּא מִמֶּנּוּ הוּא זֶה שֶׁמָּא מֵאַחֵר. בְּסוּרְיָא מֻתָּר. וּבְחוּץ לָאָרֶץ אֲפִלּוּ רָאָה הָעֲנָבִים יוֹצְאוֹת מִכֶּרֶם עָרְלָה אוֹ יָרָק יוֹצֵא מִן הַכֶּרֶם לוֹקֵחַ מֵהֶן. וְהוּא שֶׁלֹּא יִרְאֶה אוֹתוֹ בּוֹצֵר מִן הָעָרְלָה אוֹ לוֹקֵט הַיָּרָק בְּיָדוֹ:
When there is a doubt whether produce is orlah or kilai hakerem in Eretz Yisrael, it is forbidden. In Syria, i.e., the lands that David conquered, it is permitted. What is implied? If there was a vineyard [containing] orlah and grapes were being sold outside it, or there were vegetables sown inside it and vegetables were being sold outside it, [in which instance,] there is a doubt whether [the grapes or the vegetables] came from it or from another place, in Syria, they are permitted. In the Diaspora, even if one sees grapes being taken out from a vineyard that is orlah or vegetables being taken out from a vineyard, one may purchase them provided one does not actually see orlah being reaped or the vegetables being harvested [from the vineyard].
כֶּרֶם שֶׁהוּא סְפֵק עָרְלָה אוֹ סְפֵק כִּלְאַיִם בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל אָסוּר וּבְסוּרְיָא מֻתָּר. וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ:
When there is a doubt whether a vineyard [contains] orlah or kilai hakerem, in Eretz Yisrael, it is forbidden. In Syria, it is permitted. Needless to say, that ruling prevails in the Diaspora.
חָבִית יַיִן הַנִּמְצֵאת טְמוּנָה בְּפַרְדֵּס שֶׁל עָרְלָה אֲסוּרָה בִּשְׁתִיָּה וּמֻתֶּרֶת בַּהֲנָיָה שֶׁאֵין הַגַּנָּב גּוֹנֵב מִמָּקוֹם וְטוֹמֵן בּוֹ. אֲבָל עֲנָבִים הַנִּמְצָאִין טְמוּנִים שָׁם אֲסוּרִים שֶׁמָּא מִשָּׁם נִלְקְטוּ וְהִצְנִיעָן שָׁם:
It is forbidden to drink a jug of wine that is found hidden in an orchard [whose produce is] orlah. It is permitted to benefit from it. [The rationale is] that a thief will not steal from a place and hide [what he stole] there. Grapes that are hidden there are forbidden, lest they have been harvested from there and stored away there.
נָכְרִי וְיִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהָיוּ שֻׁתָּפִין בִּנְטִיעָה אִם הִתְנוּ מִתְּחִלַּת הַשֻּׁתָּפוּת שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הַנָּכְרִי אוֹכֵל שְׁנֵי עָרְלָה וְיִשְׂרָאֵל אוֹכֵל שָׁלֹשׁ שָׁנִים מִשְּׁנֵי הֶתֵּר כְּנֶגֶד שְׁנֵי הָעָרְלָה הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר. וְאִם לֹא הִתְנוּ מִתְּחִלָּה אָסוּר וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יָבֹאוּ לְחֶשְׁבּוֹן. כֵּיצַד. כְּגוֹן שֶׁיַּחְשֹׁב כַּמָּה פֵּרוֹת אָכַל הַנָּכְרִי בִּשְׁנֵי עָרְלָה עַד שֶׁיֹּאכַל יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּנֶגֶד אוֹתָן הַפֵּרוֹת. אִם הִתְנוּ כָּזֶה אָסוּר שֶׁהֲרֵי זֶה כְּמַחֲלִיף פֵּרוֹת עָרְלָה:
[The following laws apply when] a gentile and a Jew are partners in planting [an orchard]. If at the beginning of the partnership, they agreed that the gentile would benefit from the produce during the years of orlah and the Jew would benefit from it for three years when the produce is permitted afterwards, it is permitted. If they did not make such an agreement at the outset, it is forbidden [to make one afterwards]. [Even when the agreement was made at the outset,] they may not make a reckoning. What is meant [by making a reckoning]? I.e., to calculate the quantity of produce from which the gentile benefited in the years of orlah so that the Jew will benefit from exactly that amount. If they made such an agreement, it is forbidden, for this is exchanging the produce which is orlah.
יֵרָאֶה לִי שֶׁאֵין דִּין נֶטַע רְבָעִי נוֹהֵג בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ אֶלָּא אוֹכֵל פֵּרוֹת שָׁנָה רְבִיעִית בְּלֹא פִּדְיוֹן כְּלָל שֶׁלֹּא אָמְרוּ אֶלָּא הָעָרְלָה. וְקַל וָחֹמֶר הַדְּבָרִים וּמַה סּוּרְיָא שֶׁהִיא חַיֶּבֶת בְּמַעַשְׂרוֹת וּבִשְׁבִיעִית מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם אֵינָהּ חַיֶּבֶת בְּנֶטַע רְבָעִי כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר בְּהִלְכוֹת מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי. חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ לֹא כָּל שֶׁכֵּן שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה נֶטַע רְבָעִי נוֹהֵג בָּהּ. אֲבָל בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל נוֹהֵג בָּהּ בֵּין בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת. וְהוֹרוּ מִקְצָת גְּאוֹנִים שֶׁכֶּרֶם רְבָעִי לְבַדּוֹ פּוֹדִין אוֹתוֹ בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִהְיֶה מֻתָּר בַּאֲכִילָה. וְאֵין לְדָבָר זֶה עִקָּר:
It appears to me that the laws of neta reva'i do not apply in the Diaspora. Instead, one may eat the produce of the fourth year without redeeming it at all. Our Sages mentioned only orlah. An extrapolation can be made from a more stringent instance to [this one] which is less stringent. In Syria, the laws governing the tithes and the Sabbatical year apply by Rabbinic decree, nevertheless, the laws governing neta reva'i do not apply, as will be explained in Hilchot Ma'aser Sheni. Thus, in the Diaspoa, how much more so should [we conclude] that the laws governing neta reva'i do not apply. In Eretz Yisrael, however, these laws apply whether or not the Temple is standing. Some of the Geonim ruled that kerem reva'i alone must be redeemed in the Diaspora before it is permitted to be eaten. There is no basis for this [ruling].
פֵּרוֹת שָׁנָה רְבִיעִית כֻּלָּהּ אָסוּר לֶאֱכל מֵהֶן בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַד שֶׁיִּפָּדוּ. וּבְהִלְכוֹת מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי יִתְבָּאֵר מִשְׁפְּטֵי פִּדְיוֹנָן וְדִין אֲכִילָתָן וּמֵאֵימָתַי מוֹנִין לְעָרְלָה וְלִרְבָעִי:
In Eretz Yisrael, it is forbidden to eat any of the produce of the fourth year until it is redeemed. In Hilchot Ma'aser Sheni, we will explain the laws governing the redemption [of the produce], how it should be eaten, and when we begin calculating the growth of a tree with regard to orlah and [netah] reva'i.
כֵּיצַד פּוֹדִין פֵּרוֹת נֶטַע רְבָעִי בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה. אַחַר שֶׁאוֹסֵף אוֹתָן מְבָרֵךְ. בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה' אֱלֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו וְצִוָּנוּ עַל פִּדְיוֹן נֶטַע רְבָעִי. וְאַחַר כָּךְ פּוֹדֶה אֶת כֻּלָּן וַאֲפִלּוּ בִּפְרוּטָה אַחַת וְאוֹמֵר הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ פְּדוּיִין בִּפְרוּטָה זוֹ וּמַשְׁלִיךְ אוֹתָהּ פְּרוּטָה לְיָם הַמֶּלַח אוֹ מְחַלְּלָן עַל שְׁוֵה פְּרוּטָה מִפֵּרוֹת אֲחֵרוֹת. וְאוֹמֵר הֲרֵי כָּל הַפֵּרוֹת הָאֵלּוּ מְחֻלָּלִין עַל חִטִּים אֵלּוּ אוֹ עַל שְׂעוֹרִים אֵלּוּ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. וְשׂוֹרֵף אוֹתָן כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיוּ תַּקָּלָה לַאֲחֵרִים. וְאוֹכֵל כָּל הַפֵּרוֹת:
How is produce which is neta reva'i redeemed in the present age? After [the produce] is collected, one recites the blessing: Blessed are You, G-d, our Lord, King of the earth, who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to redeem neta reva'i. Afterwards, one redeems the entire crop even with one p'rutah. This p'rutah is then cast into the Dead Sea. Alternatively, one may transfer the holiness to other produce that is worth a p'rutah by saying: "The holiness of all of this produce is transferred to this wheat," "...to this barley," or the like. Afterwards, one burns the [latter quantity of produce] so that they will not cause difficulty to others. He may then partake of all the produce [he harvested].
הוֹרוּ מִקְצָת הַגְּאוֹנִים שֶׁאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁפָּדָה פֵּרוֹת שָׁנָה רְבִיעִית אוֹ חִלְּלָן אָסוּר לְאָכְלָן עַד שֶׁתִּכָּנֵס שָׁנָה חֲמִישִׁית. וְדָבָר זֶה אֵין לוֹ עִקָּר. וְיֵרָאֶה לִי שֶׁזּוֹ שִׁגְגַת הוֹרָאָה וְהַטַּעַם לְפִי שֶׁכָּתוּב (ויקרא יט כה) "וּבַשָּׁנָה הַחֲמִישִׁת תֹּאכְלוּ אֶת פִּרְיוֹ" וְאֵין עִנְיָן הַכָּתוּב אֶלָּא שֶׁבַּשָּׁנָה הַחֲמִישִׁית תֹּאכְלוּ פִּרְיוֹ בְּלֹא פִּדְיוֹן כְּכָל חֻלִּין שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם. וְאֵין רָאוּי לָחוּשׁ לְהוֹרָאָה זוֹ:
Some of the Geonim ruled that even though one redeemed the produce of the fourth year or transferred its holiness, it is forbidden to partake of it until the entrance of the fifth year. This ruling has no foundation. It appears to me that it is in error. [Although Leviticus 19:25] states: "And in the fifth year, you shall partake of its produce," the intent of the verse is that in the fifth year you will partake of its produce without redeeming it like any ordinary produce in the world. One should not heed the above ruling.
הַטֶּבֶל כֵּיצַד. כָּל אֹכֶל שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב לְהַפְרִישׁ מִמֶּנּוּ תְּרוּמָה וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּפְרִישׁ מִמֶּנּוּ נִקְרָא טֶבֶל וְאָסוּר לֶאֱכל מִמֶּנּוּ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כב טו) "וְלֹא יְחַלְּלוּ אֶת קָדְשֵׁי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵת אֲשֶׁר יָרִימוּ לַה'". כְּלוֹמַר לֹא יִנְהֲגוּ בָּהֶן מִנְהַג חֻלִּין וַעֲדַיִן קָדָשִׁים שֶׁעֲתִידִין לְהִתָּרֵם לֹא הוּרְמוּ. וְהָאוֹכֵל כְּזַיִת מִן הַטֶּבֶל קֹדֶם שֶׁיַּפְרִישׁ מִמֶּנּוּ תְּרוּמָה גְּדוֹלָה וּתְרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר חַיָּב מִיתָה בִּידֵי שָׁמַיִם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר וְלֹא יְחַלְּלוּ אֶת קָדְשֵׁי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וְגוֹ' וְהִשִּׂיאוּ אוֹתָם עֲוֹן אַשְׁמָה:
What is meant by tevel? Any produce from which one is obligated to separate terumah and tithes is called tevel before one separates these portions. [In that state,] it is forbidden to partake of it, as [Leviticus 22:16] states: "And they shall not desecrate the sacraments of the children of Israel which they will dedicate to G-d," i.e., one should not treat them in an ordinary manner while the sacred elements that will be separated in the future have not yet been separated. When a person partakes of an olive-sized portion of tevel before he separates terumah gedolah and terumat ma'aser, he is liable for death by the hand of heaven, as [Leviticus 22:15-16] states: "And they shall not desecrate the sacraments of the children of Israel... And they will bear the sin of guilt."
אֲבָל הָאוֹכֵל מִדָּבָר שֶׁנִּטְּלָה מִמֶּנּוּ תְּרוּמָה גְּדוֹלָה וּתְרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר וַעֲדַיִן לֹא הִפְרִישׁ מִמֶּנּוּ מַעַשְׂרוֹת וַאֲפִלּוּ לֹא נִשְׁאַר בּוֹ אֶלָּא מַעֲשַׂר עָנִי הֲרֵי זֶה לוֹקֶה מִשּׁוּם אוֹכֵל טֶבֶל. וְאֵין בּוֹ מִיתָה שֶׁאֵין עֲוֹן מִיתָה אֶלָּא בִּתְרוּמָה גְּדוֹלָה וּתְרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר:
When, however, one partakes of food from which terumah gedolah and terumat ma'aser have been separated, but from which tithes - even the tithes of the poor have not been separated - he is worthy of lashes for partaking of tevel. He is not worthy of death. For only with regard to terumah gedolah and terumat ma'aser is the sin worthy of death.
אַזְהָרָה לָאוֹכֵל טֶבֶל שֶׁלֹּא הוּרְמוּ מִמֶּנּוּ מַעַשְׂרוֹת בִּכְלָל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יב יז) "לֹא תוּכַל לֶאֱכל בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ מַעֲשַׂר דְּגָנְךָ" וְגוֹ'. וּבְהִלְכוֹת תְּרוּמוֹת וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת יִתְבָּאֵר אֵיזֶה דָּבָר חַיָּב בִּתְרוּמָה וּבְמַעַשְׂרוֹת וְאֵי זֶה דָּבָר פָּטוּר. וְאֵי זֶה דָּבָר הוּא חַיָּב מִן הַתּוֹרָה וְאֵי זֶהוּ הַחַיָּב מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים. וְהָאוֹכֵל כְּזַיִת מִטֶּבֶל שֶׁל דִּבְרֵיהֶם אוֹ מִכִּלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם וְעָרְלָה שֶׁל חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ מַכִּין אוֹתוֹ מַכַּת מַרְדּוּת:
The warning against partaking of tevel from which tithes were not separated is included in [Deuteronomy 12:17 which] states: "You may not eat the tithes of grain... in your gates." In Hilchot Terumot and Hilchot Ma'aserot, it will be explained which produce is obligated to have terumah and the tithes [separated from it] and which is not, when does the obligation stem from Scriptural Law and when is it Rabbinic. When a person partakes of an olive-sized portion of produce that is tevel according to Rabbinic Law or kilai hakerem or orlah from the Diaspora, he is liable for stripes for rebellious conduct.
הַטֶּבֶל וְהֶחָדָשׁ וְהַהֶקְדֵּשׁ וּסְפִיחֵי שְׁבִיעִית וְהַכִּלְאַיִם וְהָעָרְלָה מַשְׁקִין הַיּוֹצְאִין מִפֵּרוֹתֵיהֶן אֲסוּרִים כְּמוֹתָן וְאֵין לוֹקִין עֲלֵיהֶן. חוּץ מִיַּיִן וְשֶׁמֶן שֶׁל עָרְלָה וְיַיִן שֶׁל כִּלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם שֶׁלּוֹקִין עֲלֵיהֶן כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁלּוֹקִין עַל הַזֵּיתִים וְעַל הָעֲנָבִים שֶׁלָּהֶן:
The juices that come from produce that is tevel, chadash, consecrated to the Temple, growths of the Sabbatical year, kilayim, and orlah are forbidden as they are. One is not, however, liable for lashes for partaking of them. Exceptions are wine and oil that are orlah and wine that is kilai hakerem. One is liable for lashes for them just as one is liable for lashes for the olives and grapes,
וְיֵשׁ בְּקָדָשִׁים אִסּוּרִין אֲחֵרִים בְּמַאֲכָלוֹת וְכֻלָּן שֶׁל תּוֹרָה הֵן. כְּגוֹן אִסּוּרִין שֶׁיֵּשׁ בַּאֲכִילַת תְּרוּמוֹת וּבִכּוּרִים וְחַלָּה וּמַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי. וְאִסּוּרִין שֶׁיֵּשׁ בְּקָדְשֵׁי מִזְבֵּחַ כְּגוֹן פִּגּוּל וְנוֹתָר וְטָמֵא. וְכָל אֶחָד מֵהֶן יִתְבָּאֵר בִּמְקוֹמוֹ:
There are other prohibitions involving foods applicable to consecrated entities. They are all of Scriptural origin, e.g., there are prohibitions against partaking of terumot, the first fruits, challah, and the second tithe. And there are prohibitions involving sacrifices consecrated [to be offered] on the altar, e.g., piggul, sacrificial meat that remains past its time, and sacrifices that have become impure. All of these [prohibitions] will be explained in the appropriate place.
וְשִׁעוּר כָּל אֲכִילָה מֵהֶן כְּזַיִת בֵּין לְמַלְקוֹת בֵּין לְכָרֵת. וּכְבָר בֵּאַרְנוּ אִסּוּר חָמֵץ בְּפֶסַח וְדִינָיו בְּהִלְכוֹת חָמֵץ וּמַצָּה. אֲבָל אִסּוּר אֲכִילָה בְּיוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים אִסּוּר מִין בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ. וְכֵן אִסּוּר יוֹצֵא מִגֶּפֶן עַל הַנָּזִיר אֵינוֹ שָׁוֶה בַּכּל. וּלְפִיכָךְ יִתְבָּאֵר אִסּוּר כָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶן וְשִׁעוּרוֹ וְדִינָיו בִּמְקוֹמוֹ הָרָאוּי לוֹ:
The measure for which one is liable - whether for lashes or for kerait is an olive-sized portion. We have already explained the prohibition against [partaking of] leaven on Pesach and the [relevant] laws in Hilchot Chametz UMatzah. The prohibition against eating on Yom Kippur is a different type of prohibition. The prohibition against all products of the vine that applies to a Nazirite does not apply equally to all. Therefore, all of these prohibitions, the measure for which one is liable, and the [relevant] laws are explained in the appropriate place.