Forbidden Intercourse Chapter 10

כָּל יוֹלֶדֶת טְמֵאָה כְּנִדָּה וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא רָאֲתָה דָּם. וְאֶחָד הַיּוֹלֶדֶת חַי אוֹ מֵת אוֹ אֲפִלּוּ נֵפֶל. אִם זָכָר יוֹשֶׁבֶת לְזָכָר וְאִם נְקֵבָה יוֹשֶׁבֶת לִנְקֵבָה וְהוּא שֶׁתִּגָּמֵר צוּרָתוֹ. וְאֵין צוּרַת הַוָּלָד נִגְמֶרֶת לְפָחוֹת מֵאַרְבָּעִים יוֹם אֶחָד הַזָּכָר וְאֶחָד הַנְּקֵבָה:

Every woman who gives birth is impure like a niddah, even if she did not suffer uterine bleeding. [This applies whether] a woman gives birth to a living child or one which is still born, and even is she miscarries [and discharges a fetus]. If [the fetus is] male, she remains impure [for seven days as is required after giving birth to] a male. If it is female, she remains impure [for fourteen days as is required after giving birth to] a female. [The above applies,] provided the form [of the fetus] is complete. And the form of a fetus will never become complete in less than forty days. [This applies] to both a male and a female.

וְהַמַּפֶּלֶת בְּתוֹךְ אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם אֵינָהּ טְמֵאָה לֵדָה אֲפִלּוּ בְּיוֹם אַרְבָּעִים. הִפִּילָה בְּיוֹם אַרְבָּעִים וְאֶחָד מֵאַחַר הַתַּשְׁמִישׁ הֲרֵי זוֹ סְפֵק יוֹלֶדֶת וְתֵשֵׁב לְזָכָר וְלִנְקֵבָה וּלְנִדָּה. הָיְתָה צוּרַת הָאָדָם דַּקָּה בְּיוֹתֵר וְאֵינָהּ נִכֶּרֶת בַּעֲלִיל הֲרֵי זוֹ תֵּשֵׁב לְזָכָר וְלִנְקֵבָה וְזֶהוּ הַנִּקְרָא שַׁפִּיר מְרֻקָּם:

If a woman miscarries within forty days, she is not impure because of birth. [This applies] even on the fortieth day. If a woman miscarried on the forty-first day after relations, there is a doubt whether she is considered as having miscarried. [Hence,] she is governed by the laws that apply to the birth of a male and a female and those applying to a niddah. If the human form could be barely detected in the fetus without it being clear and obvious, she is governed by the laws that apply to the birth of a male and a female. This is called a developed embryo.

אֵי זֶה הוּא שַׁפִּיר מְרֻקָּם. תְּחִלַּת בְּרִיָּתוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם גּוּפוֹ כַּעֲדָשָׁה. שְׁתֵּי עֵינָיו כִּשְׁתֵּי טִפֵּי זְבוּב מְרֻחָקוֹת זוֹ מִזּוֹ. שְׁנֵי חֳטָמָיו כִּשְׁתֵּי טִפֵּי זְבוּב מְקֹרָבוֹת זֶה לָזֶה. פִּיו פָּתוּחַ כְּחוּט הַשַּׂעֲרָה. וְחִתּוּךְ יָדַיִם וְרַגְלַיִם אֵין לוֹ. נִתְבָּאֲרָה צוּרָתוֹ יֶתֶר מִזֶּה וַעֲדַיִן אֵינוֹ נִכָּר בֵּין זָכָר לִנְקֵבָה אֵין בּוֹדְקִין אוֹתוֹ בְּמַיִם אֶלָּא בְּשֶׁמֶן שֶׁהַשֶּׁמֶן מְצַחְצְחוֹ. וּמֵבִיא קֵיסָם שֶׁרֹאשׁוֹ חָלָק וּמְנַעְנֵעַ בְּאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם מִלְּמַעְלָה לְמַטָּה אִם מְסַכְסֵךְ בְּיָדוּעַ שֶׁהוּא זָכָר. וְאִם רָאָה אוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם כִּשְׂעוֹרָה סְדוּקָה הֲרֵי זוֹ נְקֵבָה וְאֵינָהּ צְרִיכָה בְּדִיקָה. וְכָל אֵלּוּ הָרְקִימוֹת שֶׁל נְפָלִים אֵין נוֹתְנִין לָהֶן יְמֵי טֹהַר עַד שֶׁיַּשְׂעִיר הַוָּלָד:

What is meant by a developed embryo? At the beginning of the formation of the human body, it is the size of a lentil. His two eyes are like the two eyes of a fly, [slightly] separate from each other. His two nostrils are like two eyes of a fly that are close to each other. Its mouth is a hairsbreadth open and its hands and feet are not distinct. If its form becomes more defined than this, but it still cannot be distinguished as either male or female, we do not check it in water, but in oil. For the oil will burnish it. One should bring a wood chip with a smooth edge and use it to probe the genital area [of the fetus] from above downward. If there is an obstruction, it can be determined as male. If the genital area appears like a split barley corn, it is a female and need not be checked. A woman is not granted the leniency of "the blood of purity" for such underdeveloped embryos; the fetus must have hair on its head.

הִפִּילָה חֲתִיכָה לְבָנָה אִם נִקְרְעָה וְנִמְצָא בָּהּ עֶצֶם הֲרֵי זוֹ טְמֵאָה לֵדָה. הִפִּילָה שַׁפִּיר מָלֵא מַיִם מָלֵא דָּם מָלֵא גִּנּוּנִים מָלֵא בָּשָׂר הוֹאִיל וְאֵינוֹ מְרֻקָּם אֵינָהּ חוֹשֶׁשֶׁת לְוָלָד:

When a woman discharges a white mass and when cut open a bone is found within, she is impure, because of birth. If she discharges an embryo filled with water, blood, worms, or flesh, since it is not developed, the woman need not suspect [that she is impure] because of birth.

יוֹצֵא דֹּפֶן אֵין אִמּוֹ טְמֵאָה לֵדָה וְאֵין לָהּ יְמֵי טֻמְאָה וִימֵי טָהֳרָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יב ב) "אִשָּׁה כִּי תַזְרִיעַ וְיָלְדָה זָכָר" עַד שֶׁתֵּלֵד מִמָּקוֹם שֶׁמַּזְרַעַת. הַמַּקְשָׁה וְיָלְדָה וָלָד דֶּרֶךְ הַדֹּפֶן הֲרֵי דַּם הַקֹּשִׁי הַבָּא דֶּרֶךְ הָרֶחֶם זִיבוּת אוֹ נִדָּה וְדָם הַיּוֹצֵא דֶּרֶךְ הַדֹּפֶן טָמֵא. וְאִם לֹא יָצָא דָּם דֶּרֶךְ הָרֶחֶם הֲרֵי הָאִשָּׁה טְהוֹרָה. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַדָּם שֶׁיָּצָא מִדָּפְנָהּ טָמֵא. שֶׁאֵין הָאִשָּׁה טְמֵאָה עַד שֶׁיֵּצֵא מַדְוֶהָ דֶּרֶךְ עֶרְוָתָהּ:

When a child is born through Cesarean section, the mother is not impure because of birth. She [need] not [observe] the days of impurity, [nor is she granted] days of purity. [This is derived from Leviticus 12:2]: "When a woman will conceive and give birth to a male...." [The laws of that passage apply] only when she gives birth from the place she conceives. When a woman has difficulties in giving birth and [ultimately,] gives birth through Cesarean section, the blood from the birth throes which emerges from the womb is considered as the blood of zivah or the blood of niddah. The blood that emerges from the operation is itself impure. If no blood emerged from the womb, the woman is pure. Although the blood that emerges from the operation is impure, the woman does not become impure unless she suffers bleeding from her vagina.

נֶחְתַּךְ הַוָּלָד בְּמֵעֶיהָ וְיָצָא אֵיבָר אֵיבָר. בֵּין שֶׁיָּצָא עַל סֵדֶר הָאֵיבָרִים כְּגוֹן שֶׁיָּצְאָה הָרֶגֶל וְאַחֲרֶיהָ הַשּׁוֹק וְאַחֲרֶיהָ הַיָּרֵךְ. בֵּין שֶׁיָּצָא שֶׁלֹּא עַל הַסֵּדֶר אֵינָהּ טְמֵאָה לֵדָה עַד שֶׁיֵּצֵא רֻבּוֹ. וְאִם יָצָא רֹאשׁוֹ כֻּלּוֹ כְּאֶחָד הֲרֵי זֶה כְּרֻבּוֹ. וְאִם לֹא נֶחְתַּךְ וְיָצָא כְּדַרְכּוֹ מִשֶּׁתֵּצֵא רֹב פַּדַּחְתּוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה כְּיָלוּד אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנֶּחְתַּךְ אַחַר כָּךְ:

When a fetus is cut up inside a woman's womb, whether it emerged according to the order of the limbs, e.g., first a foot emerged, then a calf, and then a thigh, or it emerged in an abnormal order, the woman is not considered impure until the majority of the body emerges. If its entire head comes out intact, it is as if the majority [of the body] emerged. If it was not cut up and it emerged in the ordinary manner, it is considered as having been born when its forehead emerges, even though it was cut up afterwards.

הוֹצִיא הָעֻבָּר אֶת יָדוֹ וְהֶחֱזִירָהּ אִמּוֹ טְמֵאָה לֵדָה מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים. וְאֵין לָהּ יְמֵי טֹהַר עַד שֶׁיֵּצֵא הַוָּלָד כֻּלּוֹ אוֹ רֻבּוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁאָמַרְנוּ:

If a fetus sticks out its hand [from the womb] and then returns it, its mother is impure due to birth as a result of Rabbinic decree. The woman does not receive "days of purity" until the entire fetus - or [at least] the majority - emerges as we stated.

הַמַּפֶּלֶת כְּמִין בְּהֵמָה חַיָּה אוֹ עוֹף אִם הָיוּ פָּנָיו כִּפְנֵי אָדָם הֲרֵי זֶה וָלָד. אִם זָכָר תֵּשֵׁב לְזָכָר וְאִם נְקֵבָה תֵּשֵׁב לִנְקֵבָה. וְאִם אֵינוֹ נִכָּר בֵּין זָכָר לִנְקֵבָה תֵּשֵׁב לְזָכָר וְלִנְקֵבָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁשְּׁאָר הַגּוּף דּוֹמֶה לִבְהֵמָה אוֹ לְחַיָּה אוֹ לְעוֹף. וְאִם אֵין פָּנָיו כְּצוּרַת פְּנֵי הָאָדָם אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁשְּׁאָר הַגּוּף גּוּף אָדָם שָׁלֵם וְיָדָיו וְרַגְלָיו יְדֵי וְרַגְלֵי אָדָם וַהֲרֵי הוּא זָכָר אוֹ נְקֵבָה אֵינוֹ וָלָד וְאֵין אִמּוֹ טְמֵאָה לֵדָה:

[The following laws apply when] a woman miscarries and discharges something resembling an animal, beast, or fowl. If its face resembles that of a human, it is considered as a birth even though the remainder of the body resembles an animal, beast, or fowl. If it is male, she is governed by the laws that apply to the birth of a male. If it is female, she is governed by the laws that apply to the birth of a female. If it cannot be determined whether it is male or female, she is governed by the laws that apply to the birth of a male and a female. If its face does not resemble that of a human, it is not considered as a fetus and its mother is not impure due to birth. [This applies] even though the remainder of the body resembles that of a human, its hands and feet resemble those of a human, and it is male or female.

אֵי זוֹ הִיא צוּרַת פְּנֵי הָאָדָם. שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הַמֶּצַח וְהַגְּבִינִין וְהָעֵינַיִם וְהַלְּסָתוֹת וְגַבּוֹת הַזָּקָן כְּצוּרַת הָאָדָם. אֲבָל הַפֶּה וְהָאָזְנַיִם וְהָאַף אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן כְּשֶׁל בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה הֲרֵי זֶה וָלָד:

What is meant by the human form of a face? That the forehead, eyebrows, eyes, cheeks, and the contour of the jaw share the human form. Even if the mouth, the ears, and the nose resemble that of an animal or a beast, [the fetus] is considered as a birth.

הַמַּפֶּלֶת דְּמוּת נָחָשׁ אִמּוֹ טְמֵאָה לֵדָה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁגַּלְגַּל עֵינָיו עָגל כְּשֶׁל אָדָם. הַמַּפֶּלֶת דְּמוּת אָדָם שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ כְּנָפַיִם שֶׁל בָּשָׂר אִמּוֹ טְמֵאָה לֵדָה. נִבְרָא בְּעַיִן אַחַת וְיָרֵךְ אַחַת אִם הָיוּ מִן הַצַּד הֲרֵי הוּא כַּחֲצִי אָדָם וְאִמּוֹ טְמֵאָה לֵדָה. וְאִם הָיוּ בָּאֶמְצַע אִמּוֹ טְהוֹרָה שֶׁהֲרֵי זוֹ בְּרִיָּה אַחֶרֶת:

When a woman miscarries and discharges something resembling a snake, the mother is impure due to birth. [The rationale is that] the form of its eye is round like that of a human. When a woman miscarries and discharges a human form that has wings of flesh, the mother is impure due to birth. [The following rules apply when a fetus] is created with one eye and one thigh. If they are on the side, it is considered as half a human and the mother is impure due to birth. If they are in the center, the mother is pure, because this is another creature.

נִבְרָא וֵשֶׁט שֶׁלּוֹ אָטוּם אוֹ שֶׁהָיָה חָסֵר מִטִּבּוּרוֹ וּלְמַטָּה וַהֲרֵי הוּא אָטוּם. אוֹ שֶׁהָיְתָה גֻּלְגָּלְתּוֹ אֲטוּמָה. אוֹ שֶׁהָיוּ פָּנָיו טוּחוֹת וְאֵין בָּהֶן הֶכֵּר פָּנִים. אוֹ שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ שְׁנֵי גַּבִּין וּשְׁתֵּי שְׁדֵרוֹת. אוֹ שֶׁהִפִּילָה בְּרִיַּת רֹאשׁ שֶׁאֵינוֹ חָתוּךְ. אוֹ יָד שֶׁאֵינוֹ חָתוּךְ. כָּל נֵפֶל מֵאֵלּוּ אֵינוֹ וָלָד וְאֵין אִמּוֹ טְמֵאָה לֵדָה. אֲבָל אִם הִפִּילָה יָד חֲתוּכָה וְרֶגֶל חֲתוּכָה הֲרֵי חֶזְקָתָהּ מִוָּלָד שָׁלֵם וּמִצְטָרְפִין לְרֹב אֵיבָרָיו:

[The following laws apply when a fetus] is created with its windpipe closed, its body lacking [form] from the navel downward, but instead is a mass of flesh, its skull being merely a mass of flesh, its face was amorphous and its features could not be distinguished, it has two backs and two backbones, the contours of the head of the fetus she discharged could not be distinguished, or the contours of its hand could not be distinguished, the mother is not impure due to birth. If, however, she miscarried and discharged a hand or a foot that was cut off, we operate under the assumption that it came from a complete fetus and it is included in the sum of the majority of its limbs.

פְּעָמִים יִקְפֶּה מִשְּׁאָר הַדָּמִים שֶׁנּוֹצַר מֵהֶם הָאָדָם חֲתִיכָה כְּמוֹ לְשׁוֹן הַשּׁוֹר וְתִהְיֶה כְּרוּכָה עַל מִקְצָת הַוָּלָד וְהִיא הַנִּקְרֵאת סַנְדָּל. וּלְעוֹלָם לֹא יֵעָשֶׂה סַנְדָּל זֶה אֶלָּא עִם וָלָד. אֲבָל חֲתִיכָה שֶׁנּוֹצְרָה לְבַדָּהּ בְּלֹא וָלָד אֵינָהּ נִקְרֵאת סַנְדָּל. וְרֹב הָעֻבָּרִים לֹא יִהְיֶה עִמָּהֶם סַנְדָּל. וּפְעָמִים יַכֶּה הַמְעֻבֶּרֶת דָּבָר עַל בִּטְנָהּ וְיִפָּסֵד הָעֻבָּר וְיֵעָשֶׂה כְּסַנְדָּל זֶה. וּפְעָמִים יִשָּׁאֵר בּוֹ הֶכֵּר פָּנִים וּפְעָמִים יִיבַשׁ הַוָּלָד וְיִשְׁתַּנֶּה וְיִקְפְּאוּ עָלָיו הַדָּמִים עַד שֶׁלֹּא יִשָּׁאֵר בּוֹ הֶכֵּר פָּנִים. לְפִיכָךְ הַמַּפֶּלֶת זָכָר וְסַנְדָּל עִמּוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין הֶכֵּר פָּנִים לַסַּנְדָּל הֲרֵי זוֹ תֵּשֵׁב לְזָכָר וְלִנְקֵבָה שֶׁמָּא סַנְדָּל זֶה נְקֵבָה הָיָה. וְחֻמְרָא הֶחְמִירוּ בּוֹ לְטַמְּאָהּ בּוֹ מִשּׁוּם וָלָד אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ צוּרַת פָּנִים הוֹאִיל וְהִיא טְמֵאָה לֵדָה מִפְּנֵי הַוָּלָד שֶׁעִמּוֹ:

There are times when from the remainder of the blood from which a fetus is formed will coagulate and form a mass that resembles the tongue of an ox. It is wound around a portion of the fetus and is called a sandal. A sandal will never be formed without a fetus. If a similar mass is formed without a fetus, it is not called a sandal. Most fetuses will not have a sandal with them. There are times when a pregnant woman will receive a blow on her stomach and the fetus will be damaged and will become like this sandal. There are time when the [resulting sandal] will retain its facial features and there are times when the fetus will dry up and change its appearance and blood from elsewhere will coagulate upon it to the extent that its facial features cannot be recognized. Accordingly, when a woman miscarries and discharges a male fetus together with a sandal, she is governed by the laws that apply to the birth of a male and a female. For perhaps this sandal was a female fetus. [The Sages] ruled stringency and considered her impure due to a [female] fetus even though it did not possess any facial features. [The rationale is that] she is impure due to birth regardless because of the fetus [discharged] with it.

הַחוֹתֶלֶת הֶעָבָה שֶׁהִיא כְּמוֹ חֵמֶת שֶׁבְּתוֹכָהּ נוֹצָר הַוָּלָד וְהִיא מַקֶּפֶת אוֹתוֹ וְאֶת הַסַּנְדָּל אִם הָיָה עִמּוֹ סַנְדָּל וּכְשֶׁיַּגִּיעַ זְמַנּוֹ לָצֵאת קוֹרֵעַ אוֹתָהּ וְיוֹצֵא הִיא הַנִּקְרֵאת שִׁלְיָא. וּתְחִלַּת בְּרִיָּתָהּ דּוֹמָה לְחוּט שֶׁל עֵרֶב וַחֲלוּלָה כַּחֲצוֹצֶרֶת וְעָבָה כְּקֻרְקְבָן הַתַּרְנְגוֹלִים. וְאֵין שִׁלְיָא פְּחוּתָה מִטֶּפַח:

The thick membrane that is like a goatskin in which the fetus is formed and which surrounds the fetus and the sandal - if there is a sandal with it - is called the placenta. When the time comes for the fetus to emerge, it tears it and emerges. At the beginning of its creation, it resembles a thread of the woof that is hollow like a trumpet and thick like the craw of a chicken. A placenta must be at least a handbreadth in size.

הַמַּפֶּלֶת שִׁלְיָא תֵּשֵׁב לְזָכָר וְלִנְקֵבָה. לֹא שֶׁהַשִּׁלְיָא וָלָד אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵין שִׁלְיָא בְּלֹא וָלָד. הִפִּילָה נֵפֶל וְאַחַר כָּךְ הִפִּילָה שִׁלְיָא חוֹשְׁשִׁין לַשִּׁלְיָא וַהֲרֵי הוּא כְּוָלָד אַחֵר וְאֵין אוֹמְרִין זוֹ שִׁלְיַת הַנֵּפֶל. שֶׁאֵין תּוֹלִין אֶת הַשִּׁלְיָא אֶלָּא בְּוָלָד שֶׁל קַיָּמָא. לְפִיכָךְ אִם יָלְדָה וָלָד שֶׁל קַיָּמָא וְהִפִּילָה שִׁלְיָא אֲפִלּוּ אַחַר כ"ג יוֹם תּוֹלִין אוֹתוֹ בַּוָּלָד וְאֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין לְוָלָד אַחֵר. שֶׁהַוָּלָד קָרַע הַשִּׁלְיָא וְיָצָא:

When [a woman] miscarries and discharges a placenta, she is governed by the laws that apply to the birth of a male and a female. [The intent is] not that a placenta is a fetus, but there will not be a placenta without a fetus. If she discharged a fetus and then discharged a placenta, we show concern about the placenta and it is considered as a fetus. We do not say: "This is the placenta of the fetus that miscarried." For we associate the discharge of the placenta only with a viable birth. Accordingly, if the woman gave birth to a viable child and then discharged a placenta - even after 23 days - we assume that [the placenta] came as a result of the child. We do not suspect that there was a second fetus. [Instead, we assume] that the child tore through the placenta and emerged.

הִפִּילָה שִׁלְיָא תְּחִלָּה וְאַחַר כָּךְ יָלְדָה וָלָד שֶׁל קַיָּמָא חוֹשְׁשִׁין לַשִּׁלְיָא שֶׁהִיא וָלָד אַחֵר וְאֵין תּוֹלִין אוֹתָהּ בַּוָּלָד הַבָּא אַחֲרֶיהָ. שֶׁאֵין דַּרְכָּהּ שֶׁל שִׁלְיָא לָצֵאת לִפְנֵי הַוָּלָד. יָצָאת מִקְצָת הַשִּׁלְיָא בַּיּוֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן וּמִקְצָתָהּ בַּשֵּׁנִי מוֹנִין לָהּ מִיּוֹם הָרִאשׁוֹן וְאֵין נוֹתְנִין לָהּ יְמֵי טָהֳרָה אֶלָּא מִיּוֹם שֵׁנִי לְהַחֲמִיר:

[When a woman] discharges a placenta and afterwards bears a viable child, we suspect that the placenta came as the result of another fetus. We do not associate it with the child that was born afterwards, for it is not usual for the placenta to emerge before the fetus. If a portion of the placenta emerges on Sunday and a portion emerges on Monday, we count [her days of impurity] from the first day and we count her days of purity only from the second day as a stringency.

הִפִּילָה דְּמוּת בְּהֵמָה חַיָּה וְעוֹף וְשִׁלְיָא קְשׁוּרָה בּוֹ אֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין לְוָלָד. וְאִם אֵינָהּ קְשׁוּרָה בּוֹ מְטִילִין עָלֶיהָ חֹמֶר שְׁתֵּי וְלָדוֹת שֶׁאֲנִי אוֹמֵר שֶׁמָּא נִמּוֹחַ שַׁפִּיר מְרֻקָּם שֶׁהָיָה בְּשִׁלְיָא זוֹ וְשֶׁמָּא נִמּוֹחָה הַשִּׁלְיָא שֶׁל שַׁפִּיר זֶה שֶׁהוּא דְּמוּת בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה:

If [a woman] miscarries and discharges something resembling an animal, beast, or fowl and a placenta is connected to it, we do not suspect that there is [another] fetus. If they are not connected to [the placenta], we treat it with severity as if there were two fetuses. For we say that maybe the fetus that was carried in this placenta became effaced, and maybe the placenta of this fetus that appears like an animal or beast became effaced.

כָּל אֵלּוּ שֶׁחוֹשְׁשִׁין לְשִׁלְיָא אֵין נוֹתְנִין לָהֶן יְמֵי טֹהַר. וְכָל מִי שֶׁהִפִּילָה דָּבָר שֶׁאֵינוֹ וָלָד אוֹ שַׁפִּיר בְּתוֹךְ אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם שֶׁעֲדַיִן לֹא נִגְמְרָה צוּרָתוֹ אִם יָצָא עִמּוֹ דָּם הֲרֵי זוֹ נִדָּה אוֹ זָבָה. וְאִם יָצָא יָבֵשׁ בְּלֹא דָּם הֲרֵי זוֹ טְהוֹרָה:

In all instances when we are concerned that [the emergence of] a placenta [indicates that a fetus emerged previously], a woman is not given days of purity. [The following laws apply to] every [woman] who miscarries and discharges something that does not resemble a human fetus or a fetus that is within 40 days of conception whose form has thus not been completed. If [the emergence of] the fetus was accompanied by bleeding, the woman is either a niddah or a zavah. If it emerged dry, without any bleeding, she is pure.

מִי שֶׁיָּלְדָה זָכָר וּנְקֵבָה תְּאוֹמִים תֵּשֵׁב לִנְקֵבָה. יָלְדָה טֻמְטוּם אוֹ אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוּס תֵּשֵׁב לְזָכָר וְלִנְקֵבָה. יָלְדָה תְּאוֹמִים אֶחָד זָכָר וְהַשֵּׁנִי טֻמְטוּם אוֹ אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוּס תֵּשֵׁב לְזָכָר וְלִנְקֵבָה. הָאַחַת נְקֵבָה וְהַשֵּׁנִי טֻמְטוּם אוֹ אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוּס תֵּשֵׁב לִנְקֵבָה בִּלְבַד. שֶׁהַטֻּמְטוּם וְהָאַנְדְּרוֹגִינוּס סָפֵק הֵן שֶׁמָּא זָכָר הֵן שֶׁמָּא נְקֵבָה:

When a woman gives birth to twins - a boy and a girl - she is governed by the laws that apply to the birth of a female. If she gives birth to a tumtum or an androgynus, she is governed by the laws that apply to the birth of a male and a female. If she gives birth to twins, one that is male and one that is a tumtum or an androgynus, she is governed by the laws that apply to the birth of a male and a female. If one [of the twins] is female and one is a tumtum or an androgynus, she is governed by the laws that apply to the birth of a female. For the gender of a tumtum and an androgynus is a matter of doubt: Maybe they are male or maybe female.

הָאִשָּׁה שֶׁהֻחְזְקָה מְעֻבֶּרֶת וְיָלְדָה וְאֵין יָדוּעַ מַה יָּלְדָה כְּגוֹן שֶׁעָבְרָה לַנָּהָר וְהִפִּילָה שָׁם אוֹ שֶׁהִפִּילָה לְבוֹר אוֹ שֶׁהִפִּילָה וּגְרָרַתּוּ חַיָּה הֲרֵי זוֹ בְּחֶזְקַת שֶׁהִפִּילָה וָלָד וְתֵשֵׁב לְזָכָר וְלִנְקֵבָה. אֲבָל אִם לֹא הֻחְזְקָה מְעֻבֶּרֶת וְהִפִּילָה וְאֵין יָדוּעַ מַה הִפִּילָה הֲרֵי זֶה סְפֵק יוֹלֶדֶת וְתֵשֵׁב לְזָכָר וְלִנְקֵבָה וּלְנִדָּה:

When a woman is known to be pregnant miscarries and it is not known what she miscarried, e.g., she passed a river and miscarried there, miscarried into a pit, or miscarried and a beast dragged away the fetus, we assume that she discharged a human fetus. Hence, she is governed by the laws that apply to the birth of a male and a female. If, however, she was not known to be pregnant, miscarried, and did not know what she miscarried, she is governed by the laws that apply to the birth of a male and a female and those applying to a niddah.

כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יב ד) "תֵּשֵׁב" לְזָכָר וְלִנְקֵבָה כֵּיצַד דִּינָה. תִּהְיֶה אֲסוּרָה לְבַעְלָהּ י"ד יוֹם כְּיוֹלֶדֶת נְקֵבָה. שִׁבְעָה הָרִאשׁוֹנִים וַדַּאי. וְהַשִּׁבְעָה הָאַחֲרוֹנִים סָפֵק. וְאֵין נוֹתְנִין לָהּ יְמֵי טֹהַר אֶלָּא עַד אַרְבָּעִים יוֹם כְּיוֹלֶדֶת זָכָר. וְאִם רָאֲתָה דָּם אַחַר הָאַרְבָּעִים עַד שְׁמוֹנִים אֵינוֹ דַּם טֹהַר אֶלָּא סְפֵק דַּם נִדָּה אוֹ סְפֵק דַּם זִיבוּת אִם בָּא מִימֵי הַזִּיבָה כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. וְכֵן אִם רָאֲתָה דָּם יוֹם אֶחָד וּשְׁמוֹנִים בִּלְבַד הֲרֵי זוֹ סְפֵק נִדָּה וְתֵשֵׁב שִׁבְעַת יְמֵי הַנִּדָּה שֶׁמָּא נְקֵבָה יָלְדָה שֶׁאֵין לָהּ וֶסֶת נִדּוּת עַד אַחַר מְלֹאת כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ:

What are the laws that apply wherever we said: "She is governed by the laws that apply to the birth of a male and a female"? She is forbidden to her husband for fourteen days like a woman who gives birth to a female. The status of the first seven is definite; that of the latter seven is doubtful. We do not grant her any "days of purity" beyond the fortieth day [from the birth] as is the law with regard to one who gives birth to a male. If she discovers menstrual bleeding between the fortieth and eightieth days from birth, it is not "pure blood." Instead, because of the doubt, we consider it as niddah bleeding, or zivah bleeding if it comes in the "days of zivah," as we explained. Similarly, if she discovers [uterine bleeding] on the eighty-first day alone, she is considered as a niddah because of the doubt. She must observe the seven days of niddah. [The rationale is that] perhaps she gave birth to a female and her "days of niddah" do not begin until after the conclusion [of the days of purity], as we explained.

כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יב ד) "תֵּשֵׁב" לְזָכָר וְלִנְקֵבָה וּלְנִדָּה כֵּיצַד דִּינָה. תִּהְיֶה אֲסוּרָה לְבַעְלָהּ י"ד יוֹם כְּיוֹלֶדֶת נְקֵבָה. וְאִם רָאֲתָה דָּם בְּיוֹם אֶחָד וּשְׁמוֹנִים הֲרֵי זוֹ סְפֵק נִדָּה. וְכֵן אִם רָאֲתָה בְּיוֹם ע"ד וּבְיוֹם פ"א הֲרֵי זוֹ סְפֵק נִדָּה. וְכֵן אִם רָאֲתָה בְּיוֹם אַרְבָּעִים וְאֶחָד אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁרָאֲתָה בְּיוֹם ל"ד הֲרֵי זוֹ סְפֵק נִדָּה וַאֲסוּרָה לְבַעְלָהּ עַד לֵיל אַרְבָּעִים וּשְׁמוֹנָה כְּיוֹלֶדֶת זָכָר. וְאֵין נוֹתְנִין לָהּ יְמֵי טֹהַר כְּלָל כְּנִדָּה. וַהֲרֵי הִיא כְּמִי שֶׁלֹּא יָלְדָה. וְכָל דָּם שֶׁתִּרְאֶה מִיּוֹם שֶׁהִפִּילָה עַד שְׁמֹנִים יוֹם אִם בָּא בִּימֵי נִדָּתָהּ הֲרֵי זוֹ סְפֵק נִדָּה מֵאַחַר הַשִּׁבְעָה מִיּוֹם שֶׁהִפִּילָה. וְאִם בָּא בִּימֵי זִיבָתָהּ הֲרֵי זוֹ סְפֵק זָבָה שֶׁכָּל יְמֵי מְלֹאת אֵין בָּהֶן וֶסֶת. וְכֵן אִם רָאֲתָה בְּיוֹם אֶחָד וּשְׁמוֹנִים עֲדַיִן הִיא מְקֻלְקֶלֶת וְתִהְיֶה סְפֵק נִדָּה כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא רָאֲתָה אֶלָּא יוֹם אֶחָד וּכְשֶׁיִּקָּבַע לָהּ הַוֶּסֶת אַחַר הַשְּׁמוֹנִים יָסוּר קִלְקוּלָהּ וְתַחֲזֹר לִהְיוֹת נִדָּה וַדָּאִית אוֹ זָבָה וַדָּאִית. וְכֵן מִיּוֹם שֶׁהִפִּילָה עַד שִׁבְעָה יָמִים וְתִהְיֶה נִדָּה וַדָּאִית אִם הִפִּילָה בְּתוֹךְ יְמֵי נִדָּתָהּ כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ:

What are the laws that apply wherever we said: "She is governed by the laws that apply to the birth of a male and a female and those applying to a niddah"? She is forbidden to her husband for fourteen days like a woman who gives birth to a female. If she discovers blood on the eighty-first day, there is a doubt whether she is a niddah. Similarly, if she discovered uterine bleeding on the seventy-fourth day and the eighty-first day, there is a doubt whether she is a niddah. Similarly, if she discovered [uterine bleeding] on the forty-first day, there is a doubt whether she is a niddah even though she discovered bleeding on the thirty-fourth day. She is forbidden to her husband until the forty-eighth day, as is the law for a woman who gives birth to a male. We do not grant her any "pure days" at all, like a niddah. [The following rules apply with regard to] any bleeding that she discovers from the day on which she miscarried until the eightieth day beginning from seven days after she miscarried. If it is discovered in her "days of niddah, she is a niddah, because of the doubt. And if it is discovered in her "days of zivah," she is a zavah, because of the doubt. For throughout the days after birth, [the previous patterns concerning] the expected times of menstruation do not apply. Similarly, if she discovers uterine bleeding on the eighty-first day, her situation is still problematic and she must consider herself a niddah because of the doubt as explained [above]. [This applies] even if she discovers bleeding for only one day. When she establishes a pattern of menstruation after eighty days, her difficulties will cease and she will be either definitely a niddah or definitely a zavah. Similarly, from the time she miscarried for seven days, she will be definitely impure [like] a niddah if she miscarried in the midst of her days of niddah, as we explained.