Heave Offerings Chapter 1

הַתְּרוּמוֹת וְהַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת אֵינָן נוֹהֲגִין מִן הַתּוֹרָה אֶלָּא בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. בֵּין בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת. וּנְבִיאִים הִתְקִינוּ שֶׁיְּהוּ נוֹהֲגוֹת אֲפִלּוּ בְּאֶרֶץ שִׁנְעָר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִיא סְמוּכָה לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְרֹב יִשְׂרָאֵל הוֹלְכִין וְשָׁבִין שָׁם. וְהַחֲכָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים הִתְקִינוּ שֶׁיִּהְיוּ נוֹהֲגוֹת אַף בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם וּבְאֶרֶץ עַמּוֹן וּמוֹאָב מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵם סְבִיבוֹת לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל:

According to Scriptural Law, [the obligation to separate] the terumot and the tithes applies only in Eretz Yisrael. [It applies] whether the Temple is standing or not. The prophets ordained that these obligations should be observed in Babylon as well, because it is adjacent to Eretz Yisrael and the majority of the Jewish people journey to and from there. The Sages of the early generations ordained that they also be observed in the lands of Egypt and the lands of Ammon and Moab, because they are on the peripheries of Eretz Yisrael.

אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל הָאֲמוּרָה בְּכָל מָקוֹם הִיא בָּאֲרָצוֹת שֶׁכִּבְּשָׁן מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל אוֹ נָבִיא מִדַּעַת רֹב יִשְׂרָאֵל וְזֶהוּ הַנִּקְרָא כִּבּוּשׁ רַבִּים. אֲבָל יָחִיד מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל אוֹ מִשְׁפָּחָה אוֹ שֵׁבֶט שֶׁהָלְכוּ וְכָבְשׁוּ לְעַצְמָן מָקוֹם אֲפִלּוּ מִן הָאָרֶץ שֶׁנִּתְּנָה לְאַבְרָהָם אֵינוֹ נִקְרָא אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּנְהֲגוּ בּוֹ כָּל הַמִּצְוֹת. וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה חִלֵּק יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וּבֵית דִּינוֹ כָּל אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לִשְׁבָטִים אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא נִכְבְּשָׁה כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה כִּבּוּשׁ יָחִיד כְּשֶׁיַּעֲלֶה כָּל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט וְיִכְבּשׁ חֶלְקוֹ:

Whenever Eretz Yisrael is mentioned, the intent is the lands conquered by the King of Israel or a prophet with the consent of the entire Jewish people. This is called "a conquest of the community." If, however, an individual Jew, a family, or a tribe go and conquer a place for themselves - even in the land given to Abraham - it is not considered as Eretz Yisrael in the sense that one is obligated to observe all the mitzvot there. For this reason, Joshua and his court divided the entire Land of Israel into tribal portions even though it was not conquered [entirely] at that time. In this way, when every tribe would ascend and conquer its portion, it would not be considered as merely an individual conquest.

הָאֲרָצוֹת שֶׁכָּבַשׁ דָּוִד חוּץ לְאֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן כְּגוֹן אֲרַם נַהֲרַיִם וַאֲרַם צוֹבָה וְאַחְלָב וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמֶּלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל הוּא וְעַל פִּי בֵּית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל הוּא עוֹשֶׂה אֵינוֹ כְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְכָל דָּבָר וְלֹא כְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ לְכָל דָּבָר כְּגוֹן בָּבֶל וּמִצְרַיִם. אֶלָּא יָצְאוּ מִכְּלַל חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ וְלִהְיוֹתָן כְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא הִגִּיעוּ. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה יָרְדוּ מִמַּעֲלַת אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכָּבַשׁ אוֹתָם קֹדֶם שֶׁיִּכְבּשׁ כָּל אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא נִשְׁאַר בָּהּ מִשִּׁבְעָה עֲמָמִים. וְאִלּוּ תָּפַס כָּל אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן לִגְבוּלוֹתֶיהָ וְאַחַר כָּךְ כָּבַשׁ אֲרָצוֹת אֲחֵרוֹת הָיָה כִּבּוּשׁוֹ כֻּלּוֹ כְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְכָל דָּבָר. וְהָאֲרָצוֹת שֶׁכָּבַשׁ דָּוִד הֵן הַנִּקְרָאִין סוּרְיָא:

The lands which [King] David conquered outside of the Land of Canaan, e.g., Aram Naharaim, Aram Tzovah, Achlab, and the like, even though he was a King of Israel and he was acting with the consent of the High Court, is not considered as the Land of Israel with regard to all matters, nor is it like the Diaspora, i.e., Babylonia and Egypt with regard to all matters. Instead, it was removed from the category of the Diaspora, but did not enter the category of Eretz Yisrael. Why was its level considered lower than that of Eretz Yisrael? Because David conquered them before he conquered all of Eretz Yisrael. Instead, there were still members of the seven nations there. If, however, he had conquered Eretz Yisrael entirely, in all of its boundaries, and afterwards conquered other lands, his entire conquest would have been equivalent to Eretz Yisrael with regard to all matters. The lands which [King] David conquered are called Syria.

סוּרְיָא יֵשׁ דְּבָרִים שֶׁהִיא בָּהֶן כְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיֵשׁ דְּבָרִים שֶׁהִיא בָּהֶן כְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. וְהַקּוֹנֶה בָּהּ קַרְקַע כְּקוֹנֶה בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְעִנְיַן תְּרוּמוֹת וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת וּשְׁבִיעִית. וְהַכּל בְּסוּרְיָא מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים:

There are dimensions of [the laws that apply to] Syria that resemble [the laws that apply in] Eretz Yisrael and there are dimensions of [its laws] that resemble [those which apply] in the Diaspora. A person who purchases landed property [in Syria] is comparable to one who purchases [land] in Eretz Yisrael with regard to terumot, tithes, and the Sabbatical year. All [the laws that apply] in Syria are of Rabbinic origin.

כָּל שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ עוֹלֵי מִצְרַיִם וְנִתְקַדֵּשׁ קְדֻשָּׁה רִאשׁוֹנָה כֵּיוָן שֶׁגָּלוּ בָּטְלָה קְדֻשָּׁתָן. שֶׁקְּדֻשָּׁה רִאשׁוֹנָה לְפִי שֶׁהָיְתָה מִפְּנֵי הַכִּבּוּשׁ בִּלְבַד קָדְשָׁה לִשְׁעָתָהּ וְלֹא קָדְשָׁה לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא. כֵּיוָן שֶׁעָלוּ בְּנֵי הַגּוֹלָה וְהֶחֱזִיקוּ בְּמִקְצָת הָאָרֶץ קִדְּשׁוּהָ קְדֻשָּׁה שְׁנִיָּה הָעוֹמֶדֶת לְעוֹלָם לִשְׁעָתָהּ וְלֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא. וְהִנִּיחוּ אוֹתָם הַמְּקוֹמוֹת שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ בָּהֶם עוֹלֵי מִצְרַיִם וְלֹא הֶחֱזִיקוּ בָּהֶם עוֹלֵי בָּבֶל כְּשֶׁהָיוּ וְלֹא פְּטָרוּם מִן הַתְּרוּמָה וְהַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּסְמְכוּ עֲלֵיהֶם עֲנִיִּים בִּשְׁבִיעִית. וְרַבֵּנוּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ הִתִּיר בֵּית שְׁאָן מֵאוֹתָם הַמְּקוֹמוֹת שֶׁלֹּא הֶחֱזִיקוּ בָּהֶם עוֹלֵי בָּבֶל. וְהוּא נִמְנָה עַל אַשְׁקְלוֹן וּפְטָרָהּ מִן הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת:

All of the lands that [the Jews] who ascended from Egypt took possession of were sanctified in the first consecration [of the land]. When they were exiled, that sanctity was nullified. [The rationale is that] the initial consecration came about because of the conquest. [Hence,] its consecration was effective for the time [it was under their rule], but not for all time. When, by contrast, the descendants of the exiles ascended [from Babylon] and took possession of a portion of the land, they consecrated it a second time. [This consecration] is perpetuated forever, for that time and for all time. [The Sages] left those places that had been settled by [the Jews who] ascended from Egypt, but were not settled by those who ascended from Babylon in their previous [halachic status] and did not exempt them from [the obligations of] terumah and tithes so that the poor could rely upon them in the Sabbatical year. Our holy teacher released Beit Shan from those places which [the Jews] who ascended from Babylon did not take hold of. He decided that Ashkelon should be exempted from the tithes.

נִמְצָא כָּל הָעוֹלָם לְעִנְיַן מִצְוֹת הַתְּלוּיוֹת בָּאָרֶץ נֶחְלֶקֶת לְשָׁלֹשׁ מַחֲלוֹקוֹת. אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. וְסוּרְיָא. וְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. וְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל נֶחְלֶקֶת לִשְׁנַיִם. כָּל שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ עוֹלֵי בָּבֶל חֵלֶק אֶחָד. וְכָל שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ עוֹלֵי מִצְרַיִם בִּלְבַד חֵלֶק שֵׁנִי. וְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ נֶחְלֶקֶת לִשְׁנַיִם. אֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם וְשִׁנְעָר וְעַמּוֹן וּמוֹאָב הַמִּצְוֹת נוֹהֲגוֹת בָּהֶם מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים וּנְבִיאִים. וּשְׁאָר הָאֲרָצוֹת אֵין תְּרוּמוֹת וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת נוֹהֲגוֹת בָּהֶן:

Thus the entire earth is divided into three categories in relation to those mitzvot involving the land: Eretz Yisrael, Syria, and the Diaspora. Eretz Yisrael itself is divided into two categories: a) those portions settled by the Jews who ascended from Babylonia, and b) those portions that were settled only by the Jews who ascended from Egypt. The Diaspora is divided into two categories: a) Egypt, Babylon, Ammon, and Moab in which the mitzvot are observed according to the decrees of the sages and the prophets and the other lands in which [the obligations of] the terumot and the tithes are not observed.

אֵי זוֹ הִיא אֶרֶץ שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ בָּהּ עוֹלֵי מִצְרַיִם. מֵרֶקֶם שֶׁהוּא בְּמִזְרַח אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַד הַיָּם הַגָּדוֹל. מֵאַשְׁקְלוֹן שֶׁהִיא לִדְרוֹם אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַד עַכּוֹ שֶׁהִיא בַּצָּפוֹן. הָיָה מְהַלֵּךְ מֵעַכּוֹ לִכְזִיב כָּל הָאָרֶץ שֶׁעַל יְמִינוֹ שֶׁהוּא מִזְרַח הַדֶּרֶךְ הֲרֵי הִיא בְּחֶזְקַת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ וּטְמֵאָה מִשּׁוּם אֶרֶץ הָעַמִּים וּפְטוּרָה מִן הַמַּעֲשֵׂר וּמִן הַשְּׁבִיעִית. עַד שֶׁיִּוָּדַע לְךָ שֶׁאוֹתוֹ הַמָּקוֹם מֵאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. וְכָל הָאָרֶץ שֶׁעַל שְׂמֹאלוֹ שֶׁהוּא מַעֲרַב הַדֶּרֶךְ הֲרֵי הִיא בְּחֶזְקַת אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל וּטְהוֹרָה מִשּׁוּם אֶרֶץ הָעַמִּים וְחַיֶּבֶת בְּמַעֲשֵׂר וּבִשְׁבִיעִית. עַד שֶׁיִּוָּדַע לְךָ שֶׁאוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. וְכָל שֶׁשּׁוֹפֵעַ וְיוֹרֵד מִטּוּרֵי אֲמָנוֹם וְלִפְנִים אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. מִטּוּרֵי אֲמָנוֹם וְלַחוּץ חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. וְהַנִסִּים שֶׁבַּיָּם רוֹאִין אוֹתָן כְּאִלּוּ חוּט מָתוּחַ עֲלֵיהֶם מִטּוּרֵי אֲמָנוֹם וְעַד נַחַל מִצְרַיִם. מִן הַחוּט וְלִפְנִים אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. מִן הַחוּט וְלַחוּץ חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. וְזוֹ הִיא צוּרָתָהּ:

What are [the boundaries of] the land settled by the Jews who ascended from Egypt? From Rekem which is in the east of Eretz Yisrael until the Mediterranean Sea. From Ashkelon which is in the south of Eretz Yisrael until Acre which is in the north. As one proceeds from Acre to Kziv, the area to one's right, on the east, can generally be assumed to be of the Diaspora - it is impure as is the lands of the nations and is exempt from [the mitzvot of] the tithes and the Sabbatical year - unless it is known that it was part of Eretz Yisrael. The area to one's left, to the west, can generally be assumed to be part of Eretz Yisrael - it is pure [from the impurity associated with] the lands of the nations and is obligated with regard to [mitzvot of] the tithes and the Sabbatical year - unless it is known to be part of the Diaspora. With regard to the entire area that slopes downward from the Samnum Mountains: The inner [portion] is Eretz Yisrael, the portion outside the Samnum Mountains is the Diaspora. With regard to the islands in the sea, we consider their [status dependent] on an [imaginary] line extended from the Samnum Mountains until the River of Egypt. Those within this line are part of Eretz Yisrael. Those outside this line are part of the Diaspora. This is a depiction of the matter.

מֵהֵיכָן הֶחֱזִיקוּ עוֹלֵי בָּבֶל. מִכְּזִיב וְלִפְנִים כְּנֶגֶד הַמִּזְרָח. וּמִכְּזִיב וְלַחוּץ עַד אֲמָנָה וְהִיא אֲמָנוֹם וְעַד הַנָּהָר וְהוּא נַחַל מִצְרַיִם לֹא הֶחֱזִיקוּ בּוֹ. וּכְזִיב עַצְמָהּ לֹא הֶחֱזִיקוּ בָּהּ:

Which area did the Jews who ascended from Babylonia settle in? [The area] from Kziv inward toward the east. They did not, however, take possession of the area from Kziv outward until Amana which is Samnum until the river, i.e., the River of Egypt. And they did not take possession of Kziv itself.

אֵי זוֹ הִיא סוּרְיָא. מֵאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל וּלְמַטָּה כְּנֶגֶד אֲרַם נַהֲרַיִם וַאֲרַם צוֹבָה כָּל יַד פְּרָת עַד בָּבֶל כְּגוֹן דַּמֶּשֶׂק וְאַחְלָב וְחָרָן וּמִגְּבַת וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן עַד שִׁנְעָר וְצֹהַר הֲרֵי הִיא כְּסוּרְיָא. אֲבָל עַכּוֹ חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ כְּאַשְׁקְלוֹן וְהֵם תְּחוּמֵי אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל:

What constitutes Syria? From Eretz Yisrael and below parallel to Aram Naharaim and Aram Tzovah, the entire region of the Euphrates until Babylonia, e.g., Damascus, Achalev, Charan, Minbag, and the like until Shinar and Tzahar. These are considered like Syria. Acre, by contrast, is considered part of the Diaspora, like Ashkelon. These are the boundaries of Eretz Yisrael.

עַכּוּ"ם שֶׁקָּנָה קַרְקַע בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא הִפְקִיעוּהָ מִן הַמִּצְווֹת אֶלָּא הֲרֵי הִיא בִּקְדֻשָּׁתָהּ. לְפִיכָךְ אִם חָזַר יִשְׂרָאֵל וּלְקָחָהּ מִמֶּנּוּ אֵינָהּ כְּכִבּוּשׁ יָחִיד אֶלָּא מַפְרִישׁ תְּרוּמוֹת וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת וּמֵבִיא בִּכּוּרִים. וְהַכּל מִן הַתּוֹרָה כְּאִלּוּ לֹא נִמְכְּרָה לְעַכּוּ"ם מֵעוֹלָם וְיֵשׁ קִנְיָן לְעַכּוּ"ם בְּסוּרְיָא לְהַפְקִיעַ מִן הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת וּמִן הַשְּׁבִיעִית כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְבָּאֵר:

When a gentile purchases land in Eretz Yisrael, he does not cause it to be absolved from [the observance of] the mitzvot. Instead, its holiness is still intact. Therefore, if a Jew purchases this land from [the gentile], it is not considered as a private conquest. Instead, he should separate the terumot and the tithes and bring the first fruits. All these [obligations] are Scriptural in origin, as if it was never sold to a gentile. When a gentile acquires land in Syria, his acquisition has the power to absolve [the land] from the obligations of tithes and the Sabbatical year, as will be explained.

פֵּרוֹת הָעַכּוּ"ם שֶׁגָּדְלוּ בְּקַרְקַע שֶׁקָּנָה בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. אִם נִגְמְרָה מְלַאכְתָּם בְּיַד עַכּוּ"ם וּמֵרְחָן הָעַכּוּ"ם פְּטוּרִין מִכְּלוּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יח ד) "דְּגָנְךָ" וְלֹא דְּגַן עַכּוּ"ם. וְאִם לְקָחָן יִשְׂרָאֵל אַחַר שֶׁנִּתְלְשׁוּ קֹדֶם שֶׁתִּגָּמֵר מְלַאכְתָּן וּגְמָרָן יִשְׂרָאֵל חַיָּבִין בַּכּל מִן הַתּוֹרָה. וּמַפְרִישׁ תְּרוּמָה גְּדוֹלָה וְנוֹתְנָהּ לַכֹּהֵן. וּתְרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר וּמוֹכְרָהּ לַכֹּהֵן. וּמַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן הִיא שֶׁלּוֹ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר לַלֵּוִי בְּמַעֲשֵׂר וְלַכֹּהֵן בִּתְרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר אֲנִי בָּאתִי מִכֹּחַ אִישׁ שֶׁאֵין אַתֶּם יְכוֹלִין לִטּל מִמֶּנּוּ כְּלוּם. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה אָמְרוּ לֹא יִתֵּן תְּרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר לַכֹּהֵן כִּתְרוּמָה גְּדוֹלָה. לְפִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בִּתְרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר (במדבר יח כו) "כִּי תִקְחוּ מֵאֵת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת הַמַּעֲשֵׂר" טֶבֶל שֶׁאַתָּה לוֹקֵחַ מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל אַתָּה מַפְרִישׁ מִמֶּנּוּ תְּרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר וְנוֹתְנָהּ לַכֹּהֵן. אֲבָל טֶבֶל שֶׁאַתָּה לוֹקֵחַ מִן הָעַכּוּ"ם אֵין אַתָּה נוֹתֵן לַכֹּהֵן הַתְּרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר שֶׁהִפְרִישׁ מִמֶּנּוּ אֶלָּא מוֹכְרָהּ לַכֹּהֵן וְלוֹקֵחַ דָּמֶיהָ:

[The following laws apply with regard to] produce belonging to a gentile that grew on land that he purchased in Eretz Yisrael. If all the work involving the produce was completed in the possession of a gentile and the gentile straightened the edges of the grain heap, they are exempt, because [the verse mentioning the obligation to separate terumah, Deuteronomy 18:4] mentions "your grain," [thus excluding] the grain of a gentile. If a Jew purchases [the produce] after it was harvested, but before the tasks involved with it were completed and they were completed by a Jew, all [of the agricultural obligations apply with regard to the produce] according to Scriptural Law. He must separate the great terumah and give it to a priest and [separate] the terumat ma'aser and sell it to a priest. The first tithe belongs to him, because he can tell a Levite with regard to the tithes and a priest with regard to the terumat ma'aser: "I am coming in the stead of a person from which you could not have collected anything." Why do we say that he should not give the terumat ma'aser to a priest as [he gives him] the great terumah? Because with regard to terumat ma'aser, it is written: "When you take the tithes from the children of Israel...." [Implied is that from] untithed produce that you purchase from a Jew, you should separate terumat ma'aser and give it to a priest, but from untithed produce that you purchase from a gentile, you need not give the priest the terumat ma'aser you separate from it. Instead, you sell it to the priest and take the money.

מָכַר הָעַכּוּ"ם הַפֵּרוֹת שֶׁלּוֹ לְיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּשֶׁהֵן מְחֻבָּרִין בַּקַּרְקַע. אִם עַד שֶׁלֹּא בָּא לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת וְנִגְמְרוּ בְּיַד יִשְׂרָאֵל חַיָּבִין בַּכּל וְנוֹתֵן הַתְּרוּמוֹת וְהַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת לַבְּעָלִים. וְאִם מְכָרָן אַחַר שֶׁבָּאוּ לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת מַפְרִישׁ תְּרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר וּמַעֲשֵׂר וְנוֹתֵן מֵהֶן לַבְּעָלִים לְפִי חֶשְׁבּוֹן. כֵּיצַד. לָקַח תְּבוּאָה זְרוּעָה מִן הָעַכּוּ"ם אַחַר שֶׁהֵבִיאָה שְׁלִישׁ וְנִגְמְרָה בְּיַד יִשְׂרָאֵל. מַפְרִישׁ תְּרוּמוֹת וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ וְנוֹתֵן שְׁנֵי שְׁלִישֵׁי הַמַּעֲשֵׂר לַלֵּוִי וּשְׁנֵי שְׁלִישֵׁי תְּרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר לַכֹּהֵן וּמוֹכֵר לוֹ הַשְּׁלִישׁ:

[The following laws apply if] a gentile sold his produce to a Jew while it was connected to the earth. If [he sold it] before it developed to a stage when he is obligated to separate tithes and the work [associated with it] was completed while it was owned by the Jew, [the Jew] is responsible for all of the agricultural obligations and should give the terumot and the tithes to their [appropriate] owners. If [the gentile] sold [the produce] after it developed to a stage when he is obligated to separate tithes, he should separate terumat ma'aser and the tithes and give them to their [appropriate] owners according to the [acceptable] reckoning. What is implied? If he purchased grain that had been sown from a gentile after it reached a third of its growth and the work associated with its completion was performed while it was in the possession of a Jew, he should separate the terumot and the tithes, as we explained. He should give two thirds of the tithes to a Levite. [With regard to the] terumat ma'aser, he should give two thirds to the priest and sell him one third.

יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁמָּכַר פֵּרוֹתָיו לְעַכּוּ"ם קֹדֶם שֶׁיָּבוֹאוּ לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת וּגְמָרָן הָעַכּוּ"ם פְּטוּרִין מִן הַתְּרוּמָה וּמִן הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת. וְאִם אַחַר שֶׁבָּאוּ לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁגְּמָרָן הָעַכּוּ"ם חַיָּב בַּכּל מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם. וְכֵן הָעַכּוּ"ם שֶׁגָּמַר פֵּרוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל. הוֹאִיל וְדִגּוּנָן בְּיַד עַכּוּ"ם אֵינָן חַיָּבִין בִּתְרוּמָה וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת אֶלָּא מִדִּבְרֵיהֶן:

[The following laws apply if] a Jew sold his produce to a gentile before it developed to a stage when he is obligated to separate tithes and the work [associated with it] was completed by the gentiles, it is exempt from the terumot and the tithes. If [he purchased it] after it developed to a stage when the tithes are obligated to be separated, even if the gentile completed the work associated with it, all of the agricultural obligations are incumbent upon it according to Rabbinic decree. Similarly, if a gentile completed [the work associated with] produce belonging to a Jew, since the work associated with them was completed by a gentile, the obligation for terumot and tithes is incumbent upon them, but it is only Rabbinic in origin.

מָכַר עַכּוּ"ם לְיִשְׂרָאֵל פֵּרוֹת מְחֻבָּרִין אַחַר שֶׁבָּאוּ לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת וּמֵרְחָן הָעַכּוּ"ם בִּרְשׁוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל אֵינָן חַיָּבִין בִּתְרוּמָה וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת. הוֹאִיל וּבָאוּ לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת בִּרְשׁוּת עַכּוּ"ם וּמֵרְחָן הָעַכּוּ"ם אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן בִּרְשׁוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל:

If a gentile sold produce that was still connected to the earth after it reached the stage when the tithes are obligated to be separated and [another] gentile straightened the edges of the grain heap in the possession of a Jew, [the produce] is not obligated in the terumot or the tithes. Since the produce reached the stage when the tithes are obligated to be separated in the possession of a gentile and a gentile straightened the edges of the grain heap, [the fact] the produce belongs to a Jew [is not significant].

הַקּוֹנֶה שָׂדֶה בְּסוּרְיָא חַיָּב בִּתְרוּמוֹת וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם כְּמוֹ שֶׁיִּתְחַיֵּב מִן הַתּוֹרָה הַקּוֹנֶה בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. אֲבָל הַקּוֹנֶה פֵּרוֹת מִן הָעַכּוּ"ם בְּסוּרְיָא בֵּין תְּלוּשִׁין בֵּין מְחֻבָּרִים אֲפִלּוּ קֹדֶם שֶׁבָּאוּ לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמֵרְחָן יִשְׂרָאֵל הוֹאִיל וְאֵינוֹ מִקַּרְקַע שֶׁלּוֹ פָּטוּר:

When a person purchases a field in Syria, he is obligated by Rabbinic decree to separate terumot and tithes like one who purchases [a field] in Jerusalem according to Scriptural Law, as we explained. If, however, a person [merely] purchases produce from a gentile - whether it was harvested or [still] connected to the earth - he is exempt, because [the produce] does not come from his land. [This applies] even if [he purchases the produce] before it develops to a stage when the tithes are obligated to be separated [and] even though a Jew straightened the edges of the grain heap.

קָנָה קַרְקַע מִן הָעַכּוּ"ם בְּסוּרְיָא וּפֵרוֹת מְחֻבָּרִין בָּהּ אִם הִגִּיעוּ לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת בְּיַד הָעַכּוּ"ם פְּטוּרִין. וְאִם עֲדַיִן לֹא הִגִּיעוּ לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת הוֹאִיל וְקָנָה אוֹתָם עִם הַקַּרְקַע חַיָּב לְעַשֵּׂר:

[The following laws apply when a person] purchases land in Syria to which produce is attached. If it reached a stage when the tithes are obligated to be separated while in the possession of a gentile, it is exempt. [Conversely,] if it did not reach a stage when the tithes are obligated to be separated [in his possession], [the Jewish purchaser] is obligated to tithe it, since he purchased it together with the land.

יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהָיָה אָרִיס לְעַכּוּ"ם בְּסוּרְיָא פֵּרוֹתָיו פְּטוּרִין מִן הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת לְפִי שֶׁאֵין לוֹ בְּגוּף הַקַּרְקַע כְּלוּם. וְיֵשׁ לְעַכּוּ"ם קִנְיָן בְּסוּרְיָא לְהַפְקִיעַ מִן הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. וְכֵן הַחוֹכֵר וְהַמְקַבֵּל וְהַשּׂוֹכֵר שָׂדֶה מִן הָעַכּוּ"ם בְּסוּרְיָא פָּטוּר מִן הַתְּרוּמוֹת וּמִן הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת:

When a Jew is working as a sharecropper for a gentile in Syria, his produce is exempt from the tithes, because he does not own the land itself at all. A gentile's purchase of land in Syria causes it to be absolved from [the obligation of] the tithes, as we explained. The same laws apply when one rents a field, but stipulates that the payment will be made in produce, enters into a sharecropping agreement as a mekabel, or rents a field for money from a gentile in Syria, he is absolved [from the obligations of] terumot and tithes.

יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁלָּקַח בְּסוּרְיָא שָׂדֶה מִן הָעַכּוּ"ם עַד שֶׁלֹּא הֵבִיאָה שְׁלִישׁ וְחָזַר וּמְכָרָהּ לְעַכּוּ"ם מֵאַחַר שֶׁהֵבִיאָה שְׁלִישׁ אִם חָזַר יִשְׂרָאֵל וּלְקָחָהּ פַּעַם שְׁנִיָּה הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב בִּתְרוּמוֹת וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת שֶׁהֲרֵי נִתְחַיְּבָה בְּיַד יִשְׂרָאֵל:

[The following law applies when] a Jew purchases a field from a gentile in Syria before [the crops] reached a third of their development and sells it to a gentile after the crops reach a third of their development. If a Jew purchases it a second time, he is obligated [to separate] the terumot and the tithes, because [the field] incurred that obligation in the possession of a Jew.

יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ קַרְקַע בְּסוּרְיָא וְהוֹרִיד לָהּ אָרִיס וְשָׁלַח לוֹ הָאָרִיס פֵּרוֹת הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ פְּטוּרִים שֶׁאֲנִי אוֹמֵר מִן הַשּׁוּק לְקָחָן. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה אוֹתוֹ הַמִּין מָצוּי בַּשּׁוּק:

When a Jew owns land in Syria and he hired a sharecropper and the sharecropper sent him produce, he is not obligated to separate [the terumot and tithes], for it is possible to say that [the sharecropper] purchased [the produce he gave him] from the marketplace. [This applies] provided this species is available in the marketplace.

שֻׁתָּפוּת הָעַכּוּ"ם חַיֶּבֶת בִּתְרוּמוֹת וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת כֵּיצַד. יִשְׂרָאֵל וְעַכּוּ"ם שֶׁלָּקְחוּ שָׂדֶה בְּשֻׁתָּפוּת אֲפִלּוּ חִלְּקוּ שָׂדֶה בְּקָמָתָהּ וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר אִם חִלְּקוּ גָּדִישׁ הֲרֵי טֶבֶל וְחֻלִּין מְעֹרָבִין בְּכָל קֶלַח וְקֶלַח מֵחֶלְקוֹ שֶׁל עַכּוּ"ם אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמֵרְחָן הָעַכּוּ"ם וְחִיּוּבָם מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ:

There is an obligation [to separate] the terumot and the tithes [from crops grown on land owned in] partnership with a gentile. What is implied? When a Jew and a non-Jew purchased a field in partnership - even if they divided the field while the grain was standing, and needless to say, if they divided it after it was collected in a grain heap - tevel and ordinary produce are mixed together in each and every stalk of grain in the gentile's share. [This applies] even if the gentile straightened the edges of the grain heap and thus the obligation is Rabbinic in origin, as explained.

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁהַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת שֶׁל תּוֹרָה וּבְשֶׁל תּוֹרָה אֵין בְּרֵרָה אֲבָל אִם לָקְחוּ שָׂדֶה בְּסוּרְיָא הוֹאִיל וְהַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת שָׁם מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם אֲפִלּוּ חִלְּקוּ הַגָּדִישׁ חֶלְקוֹ שֶׁל עַכּוּ"ם פָּטוּר מִכְּלוּם:

When does the above apply? In Eretz Yisrael, where [the obligation to] tithe is Scriptural in origin, and according to Scriptural Law, the principle of bereirah does not apply. If, however, he purchased a field in Syria, since [the obligation to] tithe there is Rabbinic in origin, even if they divided a grain heap, the portion of the gentile is exempt entirely.

פֵּרוֹת אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁיָּצְאוּ חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ פְּטוּרִין מִן הַחַלָּה וּמִן הַתְּרוּמוֹת וּמִן הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר טו יח) "אֲשֶׁר אֲנִי מֵבִיא אֶתְכֶם שָׁמָּה". שָׁמָּה אַתֶּם חַיָּבִין בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ פְּטוּרִין. וְאִם יָצְאוּ לְסוּרְיָא חַיָּבִין מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם. וְכֵן פֵּרוֹת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ חַיָּבִין בְּחַלָּה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר שָׁמָּה. שָׁמָּה אַתֶּם חַיָּבִין בֵּין בְּפֵרוֹת הָאָרֶץ בֵּין בְּפֵרוֹת חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. וְאִם נִקְבְּעוּ לְמַעֲשֵׂר בְּיַד יִשְׂרָאֵל אַחַר שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ חַיָּבִין בְּמַעַשְׂרוֹת מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם:

When produce from Eretz Yisrael is taken to the Diaspora, it is exempt from the obligations of challah, the terumot, and the tithes, [for one of the prooftexts requiring the separation of these gifts, Numbers 15:18] states: "[the land] to which I am bringing you." [Implied is that] these obligations exist there alone. In the Diaspora, one is exempt. If [the produce] was taken to Syria, one is obligated by Rabbinic decree. Conversely, we are obligated [to separate] challah from produce from the Diaspora that was brought into Eretz Yisrael, as [suggested by the phrase] "to which." [Implied is that] one is liable [to make these gifts] there, whether the produce is from Eretz Yisrael or the Diaspora. If the obligation [to separate challah or the tithes] was established [because of the actions] of a Jew after the produce entered Eretz Yisrael, there is an obligation of Rabbinic origin to separate the tithes.

עֲפַר חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ שֶׁבָּא בִּסְפִינָה לָאָרֶץ. בִּזְמַן שֶׁהַסְּפִינָה גּוֹשֶׁשֶׁת לָאָרֶץ הֲרֵי הַצּוֹמֵחַ בּוֹ חַיָּב בִּתְרוּמָה וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת וּשְׁבִיעִית כַּצּוֹמֵחַ בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל עַצְמָהּ:

When earth from the Diaspora is brought to Eretz Yisrael by ship, if the ship's [bottom] comes in contact with the earth [of Eretz Yisrael], terumah and tithes must [be separated from produce] growing on [the earth in the ship] and the Sabbatical laws must be observed as if [the produce] was growing in Eretz Yisrael itself.

אִילָן שֶׁעוֹמֵד בְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ וְנוֹפוֹ נוֹטֶה לָאָרֶץ. אוֹ עוֹמֵד בָּאָרֶץ וְנוֹפוֹ נוֹטֶה לְחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. הַכּל הוֹלֵךְ אַחַר הָעִקָּר. הָיוּ מִקְצָת שָׁרָשָׁיו בָּאָרֶץ וּמִקְצָתָן חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ אֲפִלּוּ הָיָה צְחִיחַ סֶלַע מַבְדִּיל בֵּינֵיהֶן הֲרֵי טֶבֶל וְחֻלִּין מְעֹרָבִין זֶה בָּזֶה:

When a tree is standing in the Diaspora and its foliage leans into Eretz Yisrael or it is standing in Eretz Yisrael and its foliage leans into the Diaspora, [the determination of its status] depends on its roots. If some of its roots were in Eretz Yisrael and others were in the Diaspora - even if they were separated by glistening stone, [it is considered as if] tevel and ordinary produce are mixed together [throughout the entire produce].

עָצִיץ נָקוּב שֶׁהָיָה בּוֹ זֶרַע שֶׁלֹּא הִשְׁרִישׁ וְהָיָה עִקָּרוֹ בָּאָרֶץ וְנוֹפוֹ חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ הוֹלְכִים אַחַר הַנּוֹף:

[The following rules apply when] a plant in a flowerpot with a hole has not sprouted roots [outside the flowerpot]. If its roots were in Eretz Yisrael and its foliage in the Diaspora, [the determination of its status] depends on its foliage.

הַתְּרוּמָה בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ עוֹלֵי בָּבֶל וַאֲפִלּוּ בִּימֵי עֶזְרָא אֵינָהּ מִן הַתּוֹרָה אֶלָּא מִדִּבְרֵיהֶן. שֶׁאֵין לְךָ תְּרוּמָה שֶׁל תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּלְבַד וּבִזְמַן שֶׁכָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל שָׁם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כה ב) "כִּי תָבֹאוּ" בִּיאַת כֻּלְּכֶם כְּשֶׁהָיוּ בִּירֻשָּׁה רִאשׁוֹנָה וּכְמוֹ שֶׁהֵן עֲתִידִין לַחֲזֹר בִּירֻשָּׁה שְׁלִישִׁית. לֹא כְּשֶׁהָיוּ בִּירֻשָּׁה שְׁנִיָּה שֶׁהָיְתָה בִּימֵי עֶזְרָא שֶׁהָיְתָה בִּיאַת מִקְצָתָן וּלְפִיכָךְ לֹא חִיְּבָה אוֹתָן מִן הַתּוֹרָה. וְכֵן יֵרָאֶה לִי שֶׁהוּא הַדִּין בְּמַעַשְׂרוֹת שֶׁאֵין חַיָּבִין בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה אֶלָּא מִדִּבְרֵיהֶם כִּתְרוּמָה:

The priestly tithe at this time is not from Torah writ, but [rabbinic] - even in a place that those that came up from Babylonia held, and even at the time of Ezra - as you do not have the priestly tithe from the Torah except in the Land of Israel at the time that all of Israel is there, as it is stated, "When you come" (seemingly a reference to Numbers 15:18, which has, "In your coming") - the coming of all of you, like they were at the first possession, and like they are to return in the future for the third possession, and not like they were at the possession in the days of Ezra, which was a coming of some of them - and hence it was not from the Torah [then]. And so does it appear to me is the law of tithes [as well], that we are only obligated [rabbinically] at this time - like the priestly tithe.