Sabbath Chapter 21

נֶּאֱמַר בַּתּוֹרָה (שמות כב יב) (שמות לד כא) "תִּשְׁבֹּת" אֲפִלּוּ מִדְּבָרִים שֶׁאֵינָן מְלָאכָה חַיָּב לִשְׁבֹּת מֵהֶן. וּדְבָרִים הַרְבֵּה הֵן שֶׁאָסְרוּ חֲכָמִים מִשּׁוּם שְׁבוּת. מֵהֶן דְּבָרִים אֲסוּרִים מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵן דּוֹמִים לִמְלָאכוֹת וּמֵהֶן דְּבָרִים אֲסוּרִים גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יָבוֹא מֵהֶן אִסּוּר סְקִילָה. וְאֵלּוּ הֵן:

In the Torah, it states (Exodus 23:12, et. al.), "you shall rest." [Hence] one is obligated to rest even from things that are not constructive labor (melakha). And there are many things that were forbidden by the Sages and deemed a shevut (a restriction decreed by the Sages regarding Shabbat). Some of them are things forbidden because they are similar to constructive labors, and some of them are things forbidden as a decree lest one go from them to [doing] that which is forbidden [and would result in the punishment] of stoning. And these are them:

כָּל הַמַּשְׁוֶה גֻּמּוֹת הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם חוֹרֵשׁ. לְפִיכָךְ אָסוּר לְהִפָּנוֹת בִּשְׂדֵה הַנִּירָה בְּשַׁבָּת גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יַשְׁוֶה גֻּמּוֹת. הַמְפַנֶּה אֶת הָאוֹצָר בְּשַׁבָּת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא צָרִיךְ לוֹ לִדְבַר מִצְוָה כְּגוֹן שֶׁיַּכְנִיס בּוֹ אוֹרְחִים אוֹ יִקְבַּע בּוֹ מִדְרָשׁ לֹא יִגְמֹר אֶת כָּל הָאוֹצָר שֶׁמָּא יָבוֹא לְהַשְׁווֹת גֻּמּוֹת. טִיט שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי רַגְלוֹ מְקַנְּחוֹ בַּכֹּתֶל אוֹ בְּקוֹרָה אֲבָל לֹא בַּקַּרְקַע שֶׁמָּא יָבֹא לְהַשְׁווֹת גֻּמּוֹת. לֹא יָרֹק בַּקַּרְקַע וְיָשׁוּף בְּרַגְלוֹ שֶׁמָּא יַשְׁוֶה גֻּמּוֹת. וּמֻתָּר לִדְרֹס הָרֹק שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי קַרְקַע וְהוֹלֵךְ לְפִי תֻּמּוֹ:

Anyone who levels indentations [in the ground], behold this one is liable because of plowing. Therefore, it is forbidden to defecate in a clear field on the Sabbath [as] a decree lest he level indentations. The one who clears the storehouse on the Sabbath because he needs it for a matter of commandment, for example, he brings in guests or he establishes a place to study, he does not complete [the cleaning] of the entire storehouse lest he come to level indentations. Mud that is on his feet, he wipes on the wall or on a beam, but not on the ground lest he will come to level indentations. One may not spit ion the ground and trample it with his foot lest he level indentations. But it is permitted to tread on the spit that is on the ground and walk innocently.

נָשִׁים הַמְשַׂחֲקוֹת בֶּאֱגוֹזִים וּשְׁקֵדִים וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן אֲסוּרוֹת לְשַׂחֵק בָּהֶן בְּשַׁבָּת שֶׁמָּא יָבֹאוּ לְהַשְׁווֹת גֻּמּוֹת. וְאָסוּר לְכַבֵּד אֶת הַקַּרְקַע שֶׁמָּא יַשְׁוֶה גֻּמּוֹת אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הָיָה רָצוּף בַּאֲבָנִים. וּמֻתָּר לְזַלֵּף מַיִם עַל גַּבֵּי הַקַּרְקַע וְאֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ שֶׁמָּא יַשְׁוֶה גֻּמּוֹת שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵינוֹ מִתְכַּוֵּן לְכָךְ. אֵין סָכִין אֶת הַקַּרְקַע וַאֲפִלּוּ הָיָה רָצוּף בַּאֲבָנִים וְאֵין נוֹפְחִין אוֹתוֹ וְאֵין מְדִיחִין אוֹתוֹ אֲפִלּוּ בְּיוֹם טוֹב כָּל שֶׁכֵּן בְּשַׁבָּת. שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲשֶׂה כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה בְּחל וְיָבֹא לְהַשְׁווֹת גֻּמּוֹת בִּזְמַן שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה כֵּן בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָצוּף:

Women who play with walnuts and almonds, and things similar to them are forbidden to play with them on the Sabbath lest they will come to level indentations. And it is forbidden to sweep the ground lest one level indentations unless it was paved with stones. And it is permitted to spray water on the ground and there is no concern lest one level indentations in that behold there is no intention for such. We do not rub oil on the ground even if it was paved with stones, and we do not blow on it, and we do not wash it even on holy days of Festivals, and all the more so on the Sabbath, so that one will not act in the way the one acts on an ordinary day and come to level indentations at a time that he acts such in a place that is not paved.

חָצֵר שֶׁנִּתְקַלְקְלָה בְּמֵימֵי הַגְּשָׁמִים מֵבִיא תֶּבֶן וּמְרַדֶּה בָּהּ. וּכְשֶׁהוּא מְרַדֶּה לֹא יְרַדֶּה לֹא בְּסַל וְלֹא בְּקֻפָּה אֶלָּא בְּשׁוּלֵי הַקֻּפָּה שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲשֶׂה כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה בְּחל וְיָבֹא לְהַשְׁווֹת גֻּמּוֹת:

When a courtyard has become soiled in the rainy season, one may bring straw and spread it over [the courtyard]. When a person spreads [the straw], he should not spread it with a basket or with a container, but rather with the underside of the container, so that he will not follow his usual weekday pattern and thus come to level crevices.

הַמַּשְׁקֶה אֶת הַזְּרָעִים חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם זוֹרֵעַ. לְפִיכָךְ אָסוּר לִשְׁאֹב מִן הַבּוֹר בְּגַלְגַּל גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יְמַלֵּא לְגִנָּתוֹ וּלְחֻרְבָּתוֹ. וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה אִם הָיָה הַבּוֹר שֶׁל גַּלְגַּל בֶּחָצֵר מֻתָּר לְמַלְּאוֹת מִמֶּנּוּ בַּגַּלְגַּל:

A person who waters seeds [that have been planted] is liable for [performing a derivative of the forbidden labor of] sowing. Therefore, it is forbidden to draw water from a cistern using a pulley, lest one draw water for one's garden and one's ruin. On this basis, if a cistern with a pulley is located in one's courtyard, it is permitted to use the pulley to draw water.

התּוֹלֵשׁ חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם קוֹצֵר. לְפִיכָךְ אָסוּר לִרְדּוֹת דְּבַשׁ מִכַּוֶּרֶת בְּשַׁבָּת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כְּתוֹלֵשׁ. אֵין עוֹלִין בְּאִילָן בֵּין לַח בֵּין יָבֵשׁ וְאֵין נִתְלִין בְּאִילָן וְאֵין נִסְמָכִין בְּאִילָן. וְלֹא יַעֲלֶה מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם לֵישֵׁב שָׁם כָּל הַיּוֹם כֻּלּוֹ. וְאֵין מִשְׁתַּמְּשִׁין בִּמְחֻבָּר לַקַּרְקַע כְּלָל גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יִתְלֹשׁ:

A person who detaches [produce or wood] is liable for [performing a derivative of the forbidden labor of] reaping. Accordingly, it is forbidden to remove honey from a beehive on the Sabbath, because this resembles detaching [produce]. We may not climb a tree; [this includes both] a fresh tree and one that has dried out. We may not suspend [articles from] a tree, nor may we lean on a tree. We may not climb a tree before the commencement of the Sabbath [with the intent of] remaining there for the entire day. We may not use any [plant] that is attached to the ground. This is a decree, lest one detach [produce].

פֵּרוֹת שֶׁנָּשְׁרוּ בְּשַׁבָּת אָסוּר לְאָכְלָן עַד מוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יִתְלֹשׁ. הֲדַס הַמְחֻבָּר מֻתָּר לְהָרִיחַ בּוֹ שֶׁאֵין הֲנָיָתוֹ אֶלָּא לְהָרִיחַ בּוֹ וַהֲרֵי רֵיחוֹ מָצוּי. אֲבָל אֶתְרוֹג וְתַפּוּחַ וְכָל הָרָאוּי לַאֲכִילָה אָסוּר לְהָרִיחַ בּוֹ בִּמְחֻבָּר גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יָקֹץ אוֹתוֹ לְאָכְלוֹ:

Fruits that fell on the Sabbath - it is forbidden to eat them until the going out of the Sabbath - this is a decree lest one pluck [fruit]. A myrtle that is attached - one is permitted to smell it since it has no benefit other than to smell it, and behold its smell is found [even while attached]. But an citron [etrog] or an apple, and anything appropriate for eating is forbidden to smell it while attached [as] a decree lest one cut it off to eat it.

אִילָן שֶׁהָיוּ שָׁרָשָׁיו גְּבוֹהִין מִן הָאָרֶץ שְׁלֹשָׁה טְפָחִים אָסוּר לֵישֵׁב עֲלֵיהֶן. וְאִם אֵינָן גְּבוֹהִין שְׁלֹשָׁה הֲרֵי הֵן כָּאָרֶץ. הָיוּ בָּאִין מִלְּמַעְלָה מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה לְתוֹךְ שְׁלֹשָׁה מֻתָּר לְהִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן. הָיוּ גְּבוֹהִין שְׁלֹשָׁה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁצִּדָּן אֶחָד שָׁוֶה לָאָרֶץ אוֹ שֶׁיֵּשׁ חָלָל תַּחְתֵּיהֶן שְׁלֹשָׁה אָסוּר לֵישֵׁב עֲלֵיהֶן:

It is forbidden to sit on the roots of a tree that project more than three handbreadths above the ground. If, however, they are less than three [handbreadths above the ground], they are considered as the ground itself. If [the roots] descend from three [handbreadths] above the ground to within three [handbreadths of the ground], it is permitted to make use of them. If they are three handbreadths above the ground [on one side] or if there is a cavity three [handbreadths high below them], it is forbidden to sit on them even when one side [of the roots] is level with the ground.

אֵין רוֹכְבִין עַל גַּבֵּי בְּהֵמָה בְּשַׁבָּת גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יַחְתֹּךְ זְמוֹרָה לְהַנְהִיגָהּ. וְאֵין נִתְלִין בִּבְהֵמָה וְלֹא יַעֲלֶה מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם לֵישֵׁב עָלֶיהָ בְּשַׁבָּת. וְאֵין נִסְמָכִין לְצִדֵּי בְּהֵמָה. וְצִדֵּי צְדָדִין מֻתָּרִין. עָלָה בָּאִילָן בְּשַׁבָּת בְּשׁוֹגֵג מֻתָּר לֵירֵד. בְּמֵזִיד אָסוּר לֵירֵד. וּבִבְהֵמָה אֲפִלּוּ בְּמֵזִיד יֵרֵד מִשּׁוּם צַעַר בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים. וְכֵן פּוֹרְקִין הַמַּשּׂאוֹי מֵעַל הַבְּהֵמָה בְּשַׁבָּת מִשּׁוּם צַעַר בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים:

We may not ride on the back of an animal on Shabbat. It is a decree, lest one will cut off a twig to [prod] it. And we may not suspend [things] on an animal and one may not climb an animal while it is still day [before Shabbat] in order to sit upon it on Shabbat. And we may not lean against the side of an animal. [But leaning on something that is leaning against] the sides of an animal is permissible. One who climbed a tree on Shabbat inadvertently is allowed to come down. [If he did so] knowingly, he is forbidden to come down. And concerning an animal; even [if he climbed on it] knowingly, he should come down because of [the prohibition of] causing pain to animals. And so [too], we may discharge the load from on the back of an animal on Shabbat because of causing pain to animals.

כֵּיצַד. הָיְתָה בְּהֶמְתּוֹ טְעוּנָה שָׁלִיף שֶׁל תְּבוּאָה מַכְנִיס רֹאשׁוֹ תַּחְתָּיו וּמְסַלְּקוֹ לְצַד אַחֵר וְהוּא נוֹפֵל מֵאֵלָיו. הָיָה בָּא מִן הַדֶּרֶךְ בְּלֵיל שַׁבָּת וּבְהֶמְתּוֹ טְעוּנָה. כְּשֶׁיַּגִּיעַ לֶחָצֵר הַחִיצוֹנָה נוֹטֵל אֶת הַכֵּלִים הַנִּטָּלִין בְּשַׁבָּת וְשֶׁאֵינָן נִטָּלִין מַתִּיר הַחֲבָלִים וְהַשַּׂקִּין נוֹפְלִין. הָיוּ בַּשַּׂקִּין דְּבָרִים הַמִּשְׁתַּבְּרִין. אִם הָיוּ שַׂקִּין קְטַנִּים מֵבִיא כָּרִים וּכְסָתוֹת וּמַנִּיחַ תַּחְתֵּיהֶן וְהַשַּׂקִּין נוֹפְלִין עַל הַכָּרִים. שֶׁהֲרֵי אִם יִרְצֶה לִשְׁלֹף הַכַּר שׁוֹלֵף מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהַשַּׂקִּים קְטַנִּים וְקַלִּים וְנִמְצָא שֶׁלֹּא בָּטֵל הַכְּלִי מֵהֵיכָנוֹ. הָיְתָה טְעוּנָה עֲשָׁשִׁיּוֹת שֶׁל זְכוּכִית מַתִּיר הַשַּׂקִּים וְהֵן נוֹפְלִין שֶׁאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיִּשָּׁבְרוּ אֵין בְּכָךְ הֶפְסֵד גָּדוֹל שֶׁהֲרֵי הַכּל לְהַתָּכָה עוֹמֵד וּלְהֶפְסֵד מֻעָט לֹא חָשְׁשׁוּ. הָיוּ הַשַּׂקִּים גְּדוֹלִים וּמְלֵאִים כְּלֵי זְכוּכִית וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶם פּוֹרֵק בְּנַחַת. וּמִכָּל מָקוֹם לֹא יַנִּיחָן שָׁם עַל גַּבֵּי בְּהֵמָה מִשּׁוּם צַעַר בַּעֲלֵי חַיִּים:

What is implied? If a person's animal is carrying a haversack of grain, [he may unload the animal in an irregular manner; he should insert his head under [the load, so that] it will be shifted to the other side and fall. [The following rules apply when a person] enters [a city] from a journey on Friday night and his animal is carrying a burden: When he reaches the outermost courtyard of the city, he should remove the utensils that may be carried on the Sabbath. Regarding those that may not be carried, he should loosen the ropes that are holding the bags, and allow the sacks to fall. [The following rules apply] if the sacks contain articles that might break. If the sacks are small, one may bring pillows and blankets and place them under them, so that the sacks will fall on the pillows. [This is permitted] because, if the person desires, he could slip the pillows out from under the sacks, since these sacks are small and light. Thus, one has not nullified the possibility of using a utensil prepared for use on the Sabbath. If [the sacks are large and contain] large pieces of glass, one should release the sacks and let them fall. Even if they break, there will not be a great loss, for [such pieces of glass] are intended to be melted down. [Therefore, only] a small loss [will be incurred],and this is of no concern to the Sages. If the sacks are large and contain glass utensils and the like, one should unload the sacks gently. One may not, however, leave them on the animal [for the entire Sabbath], because of the pain the animal [will suffer].

הַמְדַבֵּק פֵּרוֹת עַד שֶׁיֵּעָשׂוּ גּוּף אֶחָד חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם מְעַמֵּר. לְפִיכָךְ מִי שֶׁנִּתְפַּזְּרוּ לוֹ פֵּרוֹת בַּחֲצֵרוֹ מְלַקֵּט עַל יָד עַל יָד וְאוֹכֵל. אֲבָל לֹא יִתֵּן לֹא לְתוֹךְ הַסַּל וְלֹא לְתוֹךְ הַקֻּפָּה כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה בְּחל. שֶׁאִם יַעֲשֶׂה כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה בְּחל שֶׁמָּא יִכְבְּשֵׁם בְּיָדוֹ בְּתוֹךְ הַקֻּפָּה וְיָבֹא לִידֵי עִמּוּר. וְכֵן אֵין מְקַבְּצִין אֶת הַמֶּלַח וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּרְאֶה כִּמְעַמֵּר:

A person who presses fruits together until they become a single entity is liable for [performing the forbidden labor of] collecting food. Therefore, a person whose fruits have been spread throughout his courtyard may collect them by hand and partake of them. He should not, however, place them into a basket or into a container as he does during the week. Were he to follow his ordinary weekday practice, there is the possibility that he would press them with his hands in the container and perform the forbidden labor of collecting food. Similarly, salt or the like should not be collected into a single block, because it appears as if one is collecting food.

מְפָרֵק חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם דָּשׁ. וְהַסּוֹחֵט זֵיתִים וַעֲנָבִים חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם מְפָרֵק. לְפִיכָךְ אָסוּר לִסְחֹט תּוּתִים וְרִמּוֹנִים הוֹאִיל וּמִקְצָת בְּנֵי אָדָם סוֹחֲטִים אוֹתָם כְּזֵיתִים וַעֲנָבִים שֶׁמָּא יָבוֹא לִסְחֹט זֵיתִים וַעֲנָבִים. אֲבָל שְׁאָר פֵּרוֹת כְּגוֹן פְּרִישִׁין וְתַפּוּחִים וְעוּזְרָדִין מֻתָּר לְסָחֳטָן בְּשַׁבָּת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁאֵינָן בְּנֵי סְחִיטָה:

A person who extracts [food from raw produce is liable for performing a derivative of] threshing. One who squeezes olives and grapes is liable for extracting. Therefore, it is forbidden to squeeze berries or pomegranates. Since some people squeeze them [for juice] like olives and grapes, [were this to be allowed,] one might come to squeeze olives and grapes. It is, however, permitted to squeeze other fruit - e.g., quince, apples, and crab apples - on the Sabbath, since they are not usually squeezed.

כְּבָשִׁין וּשְׁלָקוֹת שֶׁסְּחָטָן. אִם לְרַכֵּךְ גּוּפָן מֻתָּר וְאִם לְהוֹצִיא מֵימֵיהֶן אָסוּר. וְאֵין מְרַסְּקִין אֶת הַשֶּׁלֶג שֶׁיָּזוּבוּ מֵימָיו. אֲבָל מְרַסֵּק הוּא לְתוֹךְ הַקְּעָרָה אוֹ לְתוֹךְ הַכּוֹס. הַשּׁוּם וְהַבֹּסֶר וְהַמְּלִילוֹת שֶׁרִסְּקָן מִבְּעוֹד יוֹם. אִם מְחֻסָּרִין דִּיכָה אָסוּר לוֹ לִגְמֹר דִּיכָתָן בְּשַׁבָּת. וְאִם מְחֻסָּרִין שְׁחִיקָה בַּיָּד מֻתָּר לוֹ לִגְמֹר שְׁחִיקָתָן בְּשַׁבָּת. לְפִיכָךְ מֻתָּר לִגְמֹר שְׁחִיקַת הָרִיפוֹת בָּעֵץ הַפָּרוּר בְּתוֹךְ הַקְּדֵרָה בְּשַׁבָּת אַחַר שֶׁמּוֹרִידִין אוֹתָהּ מֵעַל הָאֵשׁ:

It is permitted to squeeze pickled or cooked foods to soften them. If, however, one's intent is to extract liquid from them, it is forbidden. We may not crush snow, so that liquid will flow from it. One may, however, crush [snow] into a bowl or into a cup. [The following rules apply to] garlic, unripe grapes, and unripe grain that were crushed before the commencement of the Sabbath: If it is necessary that they be crushed [further], it is forbidden to continue crushing them on the Sabbath. If it is necessary that they [merely] be ground by hand, it is permitted to complete grinding them on the Sabbath. Accordingly, it is permitted to continue grinding kernels of grain with a wooden spoon in a pot on the Sabbath after [the pot] was removed from the fire.

הַמּוֹלֵל מְלִילוֹת מוֹלֵל בְּשִׁנּוּי כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יֵרָאֶה כְּדָשׁ. הַיּוֹנֵק בְּפִיו פָּטוּר. וְאִם הָיָה גּוֹנֵחַ מֻתָּר לוֹ לִינֹק בְּפִיו מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מְפָרֵק כִּלְאַחַר יָד וּמִשּׁוּם צַעֲרוֹ לֹא גָּזְרוּ וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין שָׁם סַכָּנָה:

One may remove grain from husks in an abnormal manner so that it does not appear that one is extracting. [An adult] who sucks milk with his mouth is not liable. If, however, he is groaning [from pain], it is permissible. Since he is extracting [the milk] in an abnormal manner and he is in pain, the Sages do not forbid this, despite the fact that there is no danger involved.

פֵּרוֹת שֶׁזָּבוּ מֵהֶן מַשְׁקִין בְּשַׁבָּת. אִם זֵיתִים וַעֲנָבִים הֵן אָסוּר לִשְׁתּוֹת אוֹתָן הַמַּשְׁקִין עַד מוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יִתְכַּוֵּן וְיִסְחֹט אוֹתָן בְּשַׁבָּת. וְאִם תּוּתִים וְרִמּוֹנִים הֵן. אִם הִכְנִיסָן לַאֲכִילָה מַשְׁקִין שֶׁזָּבוּ מֵהֶן מֻתָּרִין. וְאִם הִכְנִיסָן לְדָרְכָן מַשְׁקִין שֶׁזָּבוּ מֵהֶן אֲסוּרִין עַד מוֹצָאֵי שַׁבָּת:

The following rules apply when] liquids flow from fruit on the Sabbath: If they are olives or grapes, it is forbidden to partake of these liquids until Saturday night, lest one intentionally squeeze [these fruits] on the Sabbath. If they are berries or pomegranates, [the following rules apply]: If the person takes them [home] to eat, the beverages that flow from them are permitted. If he takes them [home] to press them [and extract their juice], the beverages that flow from them are forbidden until Saturday night.

זֵיתִים וַעֲנָבִים שֶׁרִסְּקָן מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת וְיָצְאוּ מֵהֶן מַשְׁקִין מֵעַצְמָן מֻתָּרִין. וְכֵן חַלּוֹת דְּבַשׁ שֶׁרִסְּקָן מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת מַשְׁקִין הַיּוֹצְאִין מֵהֶן בְּשַׁבָּת מֻתָּרִין. שֶׁאֵין כָּאן מָקוֹם לִגְזֵרָה שֶׁכְּבָר רִסְּקָן מִבָּעֶרֶב:

When grapes or olives are crushed on Friday, the liquids that flow from them on the Sabbath on their own accord are permitted. Similarly, when honeycombs are crushed on Friday, the liquid that flows out on its own accord on the Sabbath is permitted. There is no reason for a prohibition [to be imposed], since they were already crushed on [Friday].

זוֹרֶה וּבוֹרֵר מֵאֲבוֹת מְלָאכוֹת הֵן לְפִיכָךְ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמֻּתָּר לִמְלל מְלִילוֹת בְּרָאשֵׁי אֶצְבְּעוֹתָיו. כְּשֶׁהוּא מְנַפֵּחַ מְנַפֵּחַ בְּיָדוֹ אַחַת בְּכָל כֹּחוֹ. אֲבָל לֹא בְּקָנוֹן וְלֹא בְּתַמְחוּי גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יְנַפֶּה בְּנָפָה וּבִכְבָרָה שֶׁהוּא חַיָּב. והַמְשַׁמֵּר שְׁמָרִים תּוֹלֶדֶת בּוֹרֵר אוֹ מְרַקֵּד הוּא. לְפִיכָךְ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמֻּתָּר לְסַנֵּן יַיִן צָלוּל אוֹ מַיִם צְלוּלִין בְּסוּדָרִין אוֹ בִּכְפִיפָה מִצְרִית. לֹא יַעֲשֶׂה גּוּמָא בַּסּוּדָר שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲשֶׂה כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה בְּחל וְיָבֹא לְשַׁמֵּר בִּמְשַׁמֶּרֶת. וְכֵן אָסוּר לִתְלוֹת אֶת הַמְשַׁמֶּרֶת כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה בְּחל שֶׁמָּא יָבֹא לְשַׁמֵּר. וְכֵן הַמְחַבֵּץ תּוֹלֶדֶת בּוֹרֵר הוּא. לְפִיכָךְ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנּוֹתְנִין שֻׁמְשְׁמִין וֶאֱגוֹזִים לִדְבַשׁ לֹא יַחְבְּצֵם בְּיָדוֹ:

Winnowing and selecting are primary categories of [forbidden] labor. Therefore, even though a person is permitted to remove grain from husks with his fingertips, when he blows air [over them to cause the husks to fall], he may do so [only while holding them] in one hand, blowing with all his strength. He may not, however, use a tray or a pot with compartments, lest he use a sifter or a strainer, for which he is liable. Filtering dregs is a derivative [of either of the forbidden labors] of selecting or of sifting. Therefore, even though it is permitted to filter clear wine or clear water using a handkerchief or an Egyptian basket,one should not make a hollow in the handkerchief [to gather the dregs] as one does during the week, lest one filter [dregs] with a filter. Similarly, it is forbidden to hang a filter as one does during the week, lest one filter [dregs with it]. Causing milk to curdle [to make cheese] is a derivative [of the category] of separating. Therefore, even though it is permitted to place sesame seeds and nuts into honey, one should not mix them into a block with one's hands.

הַמְחַתֵּךְ אֶת הָיָּרָק דַּק דַּק כְּדֵי לְבַשְּׁלוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה תּוֹלֶדֶת טוֹחֵן וְחַיָּב. לְפִיכָךְ אֵין מְרַסְּקִין לֹא אֶת הַשַּׁחַת וְלֹא אֶת הַחֲרוּבִין לִפְנֵי בְּהֵמָה בֵּין דַּקָּה בֵּין גַּסָּה מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּרְאֶה כְּטוֹחֵן. אֲבָל מְחַתְּכִין אֶת הַדְּלוּעִין לִפְנֵי הַבְּהֵמָה וְאֶת הַנְּבֵלָה לִפְנֵי הַכְּלָבִים שֶׁאֵין טְחִינָה בְּפֵרוֹת. וּמַתִּירִין אֲלֻמּוֹת שֶׁל עָמִיר לִפְנֵי בְּהֵמָה וּמְפַסְפֵס בְּיָדוֹ אֲלֻמּוֹת קְטַנּוֹת אֲבָל לֹא אֲלֻמּוֹת גְּדוֹלוֹת מִפְּנֵי הַטֹּרַח שֶׁבָּהֶן:

One who cuts a vegetable into [very] fine pieces in order to cook them has transgressed a subcategory of Grinding and is liable. Therefore, it is forbidden to shred hay or carob before animals, whether large animals or small animals, because it appears as if one is [transgressing] Grinding. However, one may cut gourds before an animal, or an animal carcass before dogs, because there is no [prohibition] of grinding regarding fruit. One may untie bundles of straw before an animal or spread, by hand, small sheaves, but not large sheaves, because of the effort it entails.

חֲבִילֵי פֵּאָה וְאֵזוֹב וְקוֹרָנִית וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן שֶׁהִכְנִיסָן לְמַאֲכַל בְּהֵמָה מִסְתַּפֵּק מֵהֶן וְקוֹטֵם וְאוֹכֵל בְּרָאשֵׁי אֶצְבְּעוֹתָיו אֲבָל לֹא בְּיָדוֹ הַרְבֵּה שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲשֶׂה כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה בְּחל וְיָבֹא לָדוּק:

One may partake of bundles of siah, ezov, and kornit and the like that were stored for use as animal fodder. One may break off some with one's fingertips, but should not break off a large amount with one's hands, so that one does not follow one's weekday practice and come to crush them.

הַצָּרִיךְ לָדוּק פִּלְפְּלִים וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן לִתֵּן לְתוֹךְ הַמַּאֲכָל בְּשַׁבָּת הֲרֵי זֶה כּוֹתֵשׁ בְּיַד הַסַּכִּין וּבַקְּעָרָה אֲבָל לֹא בְּמַכְתֶּשֶׁת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא טוֹחֵן. לְפִיכָךְ אָסוּר לַבָּרִיא לְהִתְרַפְּאוֹת בְּשַׁבָּת גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא יִשְׁחֹק הַסַּמְמָנִין:

A person who must pulverize pepper and the like to season food on the Sabbath should crush it with the handle of a knife against the bowl. It is forbidden to use a pestle, for one is grinding. For this reason, it is forbidden for a healthy person to take medication on the Sabbath. This is a decree [enacted] lest one grind herbs.

כֵּיצַד. לֹא יֹאכַל דְּבָרִים שֶׁאֵינָן מַאֲכַל בְּרִיאִים כְּגוֹן אֱזוֹבְיוֹן וּפֵיאָה. וְלֹא דְּבָרִים הַמְשַׁלְשְׁלִים כְּגוֹן לַעֲנָה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶם. וְכֵן לֹא יִשְׁתֶּה דְּבָרִים שֶׁאֵין דֶּרֶךְ הַבְּרִיאִים לִשְׁתּוֹתָן כְּגוֹן מַיִם שֶׁבִּשְּׁלוּ בָּהֶן סַמְמָנִין וַעֲשָׂבִים:

What is implied? A person should not partake of foods that are not ordinarily eaten by healthy people - e.g., hyssop and piah - nor herbs that cause diarrhea - e.g., wormwood and the like. Nor should one drink beverages that are not ordinarily drunk by healthy people - e.g., water cooked with herbs and grasses.

אוֹכֵל אָדָם אֳכָלִין וּמַשְׁקִין שֶׁדֶּרֶךְ הַבְּרִיאִים לְאָכְלָן וְלִשְׁתּוֹתָן כְּגוֹן הַכֻּסְבָּרָא וְהַכְּשׁוּת וְהָאֵזוֹב אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן מְרַפְּאִין וְאוֹכְלָן כְּדֵי לְהִתְרַפְּאוֹת בָּהֶם מֻתָּר הוֹאִיל וְהֵם מַאֲכַל בְּרִיאִים. שָׁתָה חִלְתִּית מִקֹּדֶם הַשַּׁבָּת וַהֲרֵי הוּא שׁוֹתֶה וְהוֹלֵךְ מֻתָּר לִשְׁתּוֹתוֹ בְּשַׁבָּת [אֲפִלּוּ] בִּמְקוֹמוֹת [שֶׁלֹּא] נָהֲגוּ הַבְּרִיאִים לִשְׁתּוֹת הַחִלְתִּית. וְשׁוֹתִין זֵיתוֹם הַמִּצְרִי בְּכָל מָקוֹם:

A person may, however, partake of coriander seed, hops, hyssop, and other foods and beverages that healthy people frequently eat and drink. Although they are being healed as they eat, this is permitted, since the food is ordinarily eaten by healthy people. A person who has drunk chiltit before the Sabbath on several occasions may drink it on the Sabbath, even in places where it is not customary for healthy people to drink chiltit. Egyptian beer may be drunk in all places.

וְכֵן שְׁמָנִים שֶׁדֶּרֶךְ הַבְּרִיאִים לָסוּךְ בָּהֶן מֻתָּר לָסוּךְ בָּהֶן בְּשַׁבָּת וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּן לִרְפוּאָה. וְשֶׁאֵין הַבְּרִיאִים סָכִין בָּהֶן אֲסוּרִין. הַחוֹשֵׁשׁ בְּמָתְנָיו לֹא יָסוּךְ יַיִן וְחֹמֶץ אֲבָל סָךְ הוּא אֶת הַשֶּׁמֶן. וְלֹא שֶׁמֶן וֶרֶד אֶלָּא בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁהַבְּרִיאִים סָכִין אוֹתוֹ. וּמֻתָּר לָסוּךְ שֶׁמֶן וּמֶלַח בְּכָל מָקוֹם. נִגְּפָה יָדוֹ אוֹ רַגְלוֹ צוֹמְתָהּ בְּיַיִן וְאֵינוֹ צוֹמְתָהּ בְּחֹמֶץ. וְאִם הָיָה עָנֹג אַף בְּיַיִן אָסוּר:

[Similar concepts apply regarding oils:] A person is allowed to anoint himself on the Sabbath with oils that healthy people use to anoint themselves, even though his intent is for healing purposes. It is, however, forbidden [to anoint oneself with oils] that are not used by healthy people. A person who has groinal discomfort may not apply wine or vinegar. He may, however, apply oil. One may use rose oil only in places where healthy people anoint themselves with it. It is permitted to anoint oneself with oil and salt in all places. A person who wounded his hand or foot may soak it in wine, but not in vinegar. If his [constitution] is delicate, he is even forbidden [to soak it] in wine.

הַחוֹשֵׁשׁ בְּשִׁנָּיו לֹא יִגְמַע בָּהֶן אֶת הַחֹמֶץ וְיִפְלֹט אֲבָל מְגַמֵּעַ הוּא וּבוֹלֵעַ. הַחוֹשֵׁשׁ בִּגְרוֹנוֹ לֹא יְעַרְעֶנּוּ בְּשֶׁמֶן אֲבָל בּוֹלֵעַ הוּא שֶׁמֶן הַרְבֵּה וְאִם נִתְרַפֵּא נִתְרַפֵּא. אֵין לוֹעֲסִין אֶת הַמַּסְטְכִי וְאֵין שָׁפִין אֶת הַשִּׁנַּיִם בְּסַם בְּשַׁבָּת בִּזְמַן שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּן לִרְפוּאָה. וְאִם נִתְכַּוֵּן לְרֵיחַ הַפֶּה מֻתָּר:

A person who feels discomfort in his teeth may not sip vinegar and spit it out. He may, however, sip it and swallow it. A person who has a sore throat may not gargle with oil. He may, however, drink large amounts of oil, and if he is cured in this manner, it is [welcome]. We may not chew gum. A person may not brush his teeth with herbs on the Sabbath if his intent is to cure [discomfort]. If, however, he intends to improve the fragrance of his breath, it is permitted.

אֵין נוֹתְנִין יַיִן לְתוֹךְ הָעַיִן אֲבָל נוֹתֵן הוּא עַל גַּב הָעַיִן. וְרֹק תָּפֵל אֲפִלּוּ עַל גַּב הָעַיִן אָסוּר. קִילוֹר שֶׁשָּׁרָה אוֹתוֹ מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת מַעֲבִירוֹ עַל גַּב עֵינוֹ בְּשַׁבָּת וְאֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ. מִי שֶׁלָּקָה בְּאֶצְבָּעוֹ לֹא יִכְרֹךְ עָלָיו גֶּמִי כְּדֵי לְרַפְּאוֹתוֹ וְלֹא יִדְחָקֶנּוּ בְּיָדוֹ כְּדֵי לְהוֹצִיא מִמֶּנּוּ דָּם:

One may not apply wine to one's eyes, but one may place it on one's eyelids. It is forbidden to apply saliva taken from a person before he ate - even to one's eyelids. An eye salve that was left to soak on Friday may be applied to one's eyes on the Sabbath without hesitation. A person whose finger becomes wounded should not wind a reed around it to heal it, nor should he squeeze it tightly with his hand so that it bleeds.

אֵין נוֹתְנִין חַמִּין וְשֶׁמֶן עַל גַּבֵּי הַמַּכָּה. וְלֹא עַל גַּבֵּי מוֹךְ שֶׁעַל גַּבֵּי הַמַּכָּה. וְלֹא עַל גַּבֵּי מוֹךְ לִתְּנוֹ עַל הַמַּכָּה בְּשַׁבָּת. אֲבָל נוֹתֵן הוּא חוּץ לַמַּכָּה וְשׁוֹתֵת וְיוֹרֵד לַמַּכָּה. וְנוֹתְנִין מוֹךְ יָבֵשׁ עַל גַּבֵּי הַמַּכָּה. וְאִם הָיָה עַתִּיק אָסוּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כִּרְטִיָּה:

We may not place hot water or oil on a wound, nor on a wad of unprocessed fabric that is above a wound, nor on a wad of unprocessed fabric to be placed on a wound. We may, however, apply it outside the wound [so that] it will flow into the wound. We may place a dry wad of unprocessed fabric on a wound. If, however, it is aged fabric, this is forbidden, since this is like applying a bandage.

רְטִיָּה שֶׁפָּרְשָׁה עַל גַּבֵּי כְּלִי מַחְזִירִין אוֹתָהּ. וְאִם פָּרְשָׁה עַל גַּבֵּי קַרְקַע אָסוּר לְהַחֲזִירָהּ. וּמַנִּיחִין רְטִיָּה עַל גַּבֵּי הַמַּכָּה לְכַתְּחִלָּה בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ שֶׁאֵין אִסּוּר שְׁבוּת בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ. וּבְכָל מָקוֹם מְקַנְּחִין פִּי הַמַּכָּה וְאֵין מְקַנְּחִין אֶת הָרְטִיָּה שֶׁמָּא יְמָרֵחַ:

A bandage that has fallen onto a utensil may be put back [on a wound]. If, however, it falls to the ground, one is forbidden to put it back. We may place a bandage on a wound for the first time in the Temple [on the Sabbath], for the prohibitions classified as sh'vut do not apply in the Temple. In all places, one is allowed to clean the opening of a wound. One may not, however, clean a bandage, lest one spread [a salve].

סָכִין וּמְמַשְׁמְשִׁין בִּבְנֵי מֵעַיִם בְּשַׁבָּת וְהוּא שֶׁיָּסוּךְ וִימַשְׁמֵשׁ בְּבַת אַחַת כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲשֶׂה כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהוּא עוֹשֶׂה בְּחל. וְאֵין מִתְעַמְּלִין בְּשַׁבָּת. אֵי זֶה הוּא מִתְעַמֵּל זֶה שֶׁדּוֹרְסִים עַל גּוּפוֹ בְּכֹחַ עַד שֶׁיִּיגַע וְיַזִּיעַ אוֹ שֶׁיְּהַלֵּךְ עַד שֶׁיִּיגַע וְיַזִּיעַ. שֶׁאָסוּר לְיַגֵּעַ אֶת עַצְמוֹ כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּזִּיעַ בְּשַׁבָּת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִיא רְפוּאָה. וְכֵן אָסוּר לַעֲמֹד בְּקַרְקַע דִּימוֹסִית שֶׁבְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמְּעַמֶּלֶת וּמְרַפֵּאת:

One may apply oil and massage the intestines on the Sabbath, provided that one applies oil and massages at the same time, so that one will not follow one's weekday practice. One may not work-out on the Sabbath. What is meant by a work-out? Others tread on a person's body forcefully until he becomes exerted and begins to perspire, or a person walks [vigorously] until he exerts himself and begins to perspire. It is forbidden to exert oneself on the Sabbath to the extent of perspiring, for this is a therapeutic practice. Similarly, one may not stand in mud baths in Eretz Yisrael, because this is exerting and therapeutic.

אֵין רוֹחֲצִין בְּמַיִם שֶׁמְּשַׁלְשְׁלִין וְלֹא בְּטִיט שֶׁטּוֹבְעִין בּוֹ וְלֹא בְּמֵי מִשְׁרָה הַבְּאוּשִׁים וְלֹא בְּיָם סְדוֹם וְלֹא בַּמַּיִם הָרָעִים שֶׁבַּיָּם הַגָּדוֹל מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכָּל אֵלּוּ צַעַר הֵן וְכָתוּב (ישעיה נח יג) "וְקָרָאתָ לַשַּׁבָּת עֹנֶג". לְפִיכָךְ אִם לֹא נִשְׁתַּהָה בָּהֶם אֶלָּא עָלָה מִיָּד אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ חֲטָטִין בְּרֹאשׁוֹ מֻתָּר:

One may not wash in water that causes diarrhea, nor in quicksand, nor in water [in which flax was left to] soak and which has turned foul smelling, nor in the Dead Sea, nor in the foul water in the Mediterranean, because all of these cause discomfort, and [Isaiah 58:13] states, "And you shall call the Sabbath a delight." Accordingly, if one does not remain in these [bodies of water] for an extended time, but rather emerges immediately, it is permittedeven though one has sores on one's scalp.

אֵין מִתְגָּרְדִּין בְּמִגְרֶדֶת וְאִם הָיוּ יָדָיו מְלֻכְלָכוֹת בְּצוֹאָה אוֹ בְּטִיט גּוֹרֵד כְּדַרְכּוֹ וְאֵינוֹ חוֹשֵׁשׁ. סָכִין וּמְפָרְכִין לְאָדָם לְעַנֵּג אֲבָל לֹא לִבְהֵמָה. וְאִם הָיָה לָהּ צַעַר מֻתָּר לְהָסִיר צַעֲרָהּ בְּסִיכָה וּפֵרוּךְ. בְּהֵמָה שֶׁאָכְלָה כַּרְשִׁינִין הַרְבֵּה מְרִיצִין אוֹתָהּ בֶּחָצֵר בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁתִּתְרַפֵּא. וְאִם אָחֲזָהּ דָּם מַעֲמִידִין אוֹתָהּ בְּמַיִם בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁתִּצְטַנֵּן וְאֵין חוֹשְׁשִׁין שֶׁמָּא יִשְׁחַק לָהּ סַמָּנִין:

We may not scrape our skin with a utensil used for that purpose. If, however, one's hands are soiled with feces or with mud, one may scrape in one's ordinary manner without concern. We may apply oil to and peel off [the scabs of] a human's [wound] for pleasure, but not those of an animal. If, however, the animal is in discomfort, we may apply oil and peel off [its scabs] to eliminate aggravation. When an animal has eaten an excessive amount of beans, we may have it run in the courtyard so that it is cured. If it turns red, we may have it stand in water so that it will cool. We do not suspect that one will grind herbs.

אֵין מְקִיאִין אֶת הָאֹכֶל בְּשַׁבָּת. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּסַם שֶׁמָּא יִשְׁחַק סַמָּנִין אֲבָל לְהַכְנִיס יָדוֹ לְתוֹךְ פִּיו וּלְהָקִיא מֻתָּר. וְאָסוּר לִדְחֹק כְּרֵסוֹ שֶׁל תִּינוֹק כְּדֵי לְהוֹצִיא הָרְעִי שֶׁלּוֹ שֶׁמָּא יָבֹא לְהַשְׁקוֹתוֹ סַמָּנִין הַמְשַׁלְשְׁלִין. וּמֻתָּר לִכְפּוֹת כּוֹס עַל הַטַּבּוּר בְּשַׁבָּת כְּדֵי לְהַעֲלוֹתוֹ. וְכֵן מֻתָּר לֵיחֲנֵק וּלְלַפֵּף אֶת הַקָּטָן וּלְהַעֲלוֹת אָזְנַיִם בֵּין בְּיָד בֵּין בִּכְלִי. וּלְהַעֲלוֹת אֻנְקְּלִי. שֶׁכָּל אֵלּוּ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן אֵין עוֹשִׂין אוֹתָן בְּסַמָּנִין כְּדֵי לָחוּשׁ לִשְׁחִיקָה וְיֵשׁ לוֹ צַעַר מֵהֶן:

A person may not cause himself to vomit food on the Sabbath. When does this apply? When he uses a drug, for he may come to crush herbs. It is, however, permitted to place one's hand down one's throat so that one will vomit. It is forbidden to press the stomach of an infant so that he will defecate, lest one give him curative herbs. It is permitted to place a cup over an [infant's] navel to lift it up. It is permitted to place a neck-brace or hip-girdle around a child. Similarly, one may lift up [the tendons of a child's] ears, whether by hand or with an instrument, and lift up cartilage on one's chest. For all of these [activities] are performed [by hand], and not with herbs. Since [the person] is in pain and there is no suspicion that one may crush [herbs,] [these activities are permitted].

הַמְרַקֵּד מֵאֲבוֹת מְלָאכוֹת. לְפִיכָךְ אֵין כּוֹבְרִין אֶת הַתֶּבֶן בִּכְבָרָה וְלֹא יַנִּיחַ הַכְּבָרָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ תֶּבֶן בְּמָקוֹם גָּבוֹהַּ בִּשְׁבִיל שֶׁיֵּרֵד הַמֹּץ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא כִּמְרַקֵּד. אֲבָל נוֹטֵל הַתֶּבֶן בַּכְּבָרָה וּמוֹלִיךְ לָאֵבוּס אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיֵּרֵד הַמֹּץ בִּשְׁעַת הוֹלָכָה שֶׁהֲרֵי אֵינוֹ מִתְכַּוֵּן לְכָךְ:

Sifting is one of the categories of forbidden labor. Therefore, we may not sift straw in a sieve or place a sieve with straw in a high place so that the chaff will fall, since this is like sifting. One may, however, place straw in a sieve and carry it to [an animal's] feeding trough, even though the chaff falls while one is transferring it, since this is not one's intent.

מְגַבֵּל חַיָּב מִשּׁוּם לָשׁ. לְפִיכָךְ אֵין מְגַבְּלִין קֶמַח קָלִי הַרְבֵּה שֶׁמָּא יָבוֹא לָלוּשׁ קֶמַח שֶׁאֵינוֹ קָלִי. וּמֻתָּר לְגַבֵּל אֶת הַקָּלִי מְעַט מְעַט. אֲבָל תְּבוּאָה שֶׁלֹּא הֵבִיאָה שְׁלִישׁ שֶׁקָּלוּ אוֹתָהּ וְאַחַר כָּךְ טָחֲנוּ אוֹתָהּ טְחִינָה גַּסָּה שֶׁהֲרֵי הוּא כְּחוֹל וְהִיא הַנִּקְרֵאת שָׁתִית מֻתָּר לְגַבֵּל מִמֶּנָּה בְּחֹמֶץ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ הַרְבֵּה בְּבַת אַחַת. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה רַךְ אֲבָל קָשֶׁה אָסוּר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּרְאֶה כְּלָשׁ וְצָרִיךְ לְשַׁנּוֹת. כֵּיצַד. נוֹתֵן אֶת הַשָּׁתִית וְאַחַר כָּךְ נוֹתֵן אֶת הַחֹמֶץ:

A person who creates a mixture of small particles and water is liable for [performing a derivative of the forbidden labor of] kneading. Therefore, one may not make a mixture of a large amount of roasted flour, lest one come to knead unroasted flour. One may, however, mix [small amounts] of roasted [flour] a little at a time. In contrast, shatit, i.e., grain that has not matured to a third of its fullness and is roasted and coarsely ground, resembles sand. Large quantities of it may be mixed with vinegar and the like at once, provided the mixture is soft. If it is firm, it is forbidden, for it appears as though one is kneading. [Even when making a soft mixture,] one must deviate from one's ordinary practice. What is implied? First, one must put in the shatit and then the vinegar.

הַמֻּרְסָן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לְגִבּוּל אֵין גּוֹבְלִין אוֹתוֹ שֶׁמָּא יָבוֹא לְגַבֵּל הֶעָפָר וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ. וְנוֹתְנִין מַיִם עַל גַּבֵּי מֻרְסָן וּמוֹלִיךְ בּוֹ הַתַּרְוָד שְׁתִי וָעֵרֶב. אֲבָל אֵינוֹ מְמָרֵס בְּיָדוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יֵרָאֶה כְּלָשׁ. אִם לֹא נִתְעָרֵב מְנַעֲרוֹ מִכְּלִי לִכְלִי עַד שֶׁיִּתְעָרֵב וְנוֹתֵן לִפְנֵי הַתַּרְנְגוֹלִין אוֹ לִפְנֵי הַשְּׁוָרִים. וּמֻתָּר לְעָרֵב הַמֻּרְסָן עַל דֶּרֶךְ זוֹ בִּכְלִי אֶחָד וּמְחַלֵּק אוֹתוֹ בְּכֵלִים הַרְבֵּה וְנוֹתֵן לִפְנֵי כָּל בְּהֵמָה וּבְהֵמָה וּמְעָרֵב בִּכְלִי אֶחָד אֲפִלּוּ כּוֹר וַאֲפִלּוּ כּוֹרָיִים:

Although bran does not produce a mixture resembling a dough, it is forbidden to be mixed with water, lest one mix earth and the like. One may pour water over bran and stir it with a spoon in all directions. One may not mix it with one's hands, so that it will not appear that one is kneading. If it does not mix well, one may pour it from one container to another until it mixes well, and then give it to the chickens or the oxen. It is permissible to mix bran in the above manner in one container and then divide it into several containers, giving each animal [its portion]. One may mix even a kor or two korim [of bran together] in one container.

אֵין מַאֲכִילִין בְּהֵמָה חַיָּה וְעוֹף בְּשַׁבָּת כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁהוּא מַאֲכִיל בְּחל שֶׁמָּא יָבוֹא לִידֵי כְּתִישַׁת קִטְנִיּוֹת אוֹ לִידֵי לִישַׁת קֶמַח וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ. כֵּיצַד. לֹא יַאֲכִיל הַגָּמָל בְּשַׁבָּת מַאֲכַל שְׁלֹשָׁה אוֹ אַרְבָּעָה יָמִים וְלֹא יַרְבִּיץ עֵגֶל וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ וְיִפְתַּח פִּיו וְיִתֵּן לְתוֹכוֹ כַּרְשִׁינִין וּמַיִם בְּבַת אַחַת. וְכֵן לֹא יִתֵּן לְתוֹךְ פִּי יוֹנִים וְתַרְנְגוֹלִים לְמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵינָן יְכוֹלִין לְהַחֲזִיר. אֲבָל מַאֲכִיל הוּא אֶת הַבְּהֵמָה מְעֵמָּד וּמַשְׁקֶה אוֹתָהּ מְעֻמָּד אוֹ נוֹתֵן לְתוֹךְ פִּיהָ מַיִם בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָן וְכַרְשִׁינִין בִּפְנֵי עַצְמָן בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁיְּכוֹלָה לְהַחֲזִיר. וְכֵן מַאֲכִיל הָעוֹף בְּיָדוֹ בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁיָּכוֹל לְהַחֲזִיר וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר שֶׁיִּתֵּן לִפְנֵיהֶן וְהֵן אוֹכְלִין:

One may not [force-]feed domesticated animals, beasts, or fowl on the Sabbath in the same way as one feeds them during the week, lest one crush beans, knead flour, or [perform another] similar [activity]. What is implied? On the Sabbath, one should not feed a camel enough food for three or four days. One may not throw down a calf or the like, hold its mouth open and pour in beans and water at one time. Similarly, one may not place [food deep] in the mouths of doves or chickens, in a place from which they cannot spit it out. One may, however, feed an animal while it is standing and give it water while it is standing, or one may place both water and beans separately in its mouth, provided it is possible for [the animal] to spit them up. Similarly, one may feed fowl by hand as long as they can spit the food up. Needless to say, one may place food before the animals so that they can eat.

בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּמִי שֶׁמְּזוֹנוֹתָיו עָלָיו כְּגוֹן בְּהֶמְתּוֹ וְחַיָּתוֹ וְיוֹנֵי הַבַּיִת וַאֲוָזִין וְתַרְנְגוֹלִין. אֲבָל מִי שֶׁאֵין מְזוֹנוֹתָיו עָלָיו כְּגוֹן חֲזִיר וְיוֹנֵי שׁוֹבָךְ וּדְבוֹרִים לֹא יִתֵּן לִפְנֵיהֶם לֹא מָזוֹן וְלֹא מַיִם. וּמֻתָּר לְאָדָם לְהַעֲמִיד בְּהֶמְתּוֹ עַל גַּבֵּי עֲשָׂבִים [מְחֻבָּרִים] וְהִיא אוֹכֶלֶת. אֲבָל לֹא יַעֲמִיד אוֹתָהּ עַל גַּבֵּי דָּבָר שֶׁהֻקְצָה אֲבָל עוֹמֵד בְּפָנֶיהָ כְּדֵי שֶׁתַּחֲזִיר פָּנֶיהָ לַדָּבָר הַמֻּקְצֶה וְתֹאכַל מִמֶּנּוּ. וְכֵן בְּיוֹם טוֹב:

When does [the license to feed animals] mentioned above apply? Regarding an animal that one is responsible for feeding - e.g., one's domesticated animals, one's beasts, doves raised within one's home, geese, and chickens. One may not, by contrast, provide food or water for animals that one is not responsible for feeding - e.g., pigs, doves raised in a dovecote, and bees. A person may lead his animal directly to grass that is still growing and allow it to eat. He may not, by contrast, lead it to [food] that has been set aside [not to be used on the Sabbath].One may, nevertheless, stand in front of the animal until it turns, and, on its own accord, heads to the food that has been set aside and partakes of it. The same [laws apply] on the holidays.