Substitution Chapter 4

כֵּיצַד דִּין וַלְדוֹת הַקָּדָשִׁים. וְלַד שְׁלָמִים וּוְלַד תְּמוּרַת שְׁלָמִים הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כִּשְׁלָמִים וְהֵן עַצְמָן כִּשְׁלָמִים לְכָל דָּבָר. וְכֵן וְלַד הַתּוֹדָה וּוְלַד תְּמוּרָתָהּ הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ יִקָּרְבוּ כְּתוֹדָה אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵינָן טְעוּנִין לֶחֶם שֶׁאֵין מְבִיאִין לֶחֶם אֶלָּא עִם הַתּוֹדָה עַצְמָהּ. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ז יב) "עַל זֶבַח הַתּוֹדָה" עָלָיו וְלֹא עַל וְלָדָהּ וְלֹא עַל תְּמוּרָתָהּ כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בַּוְּלָדוֹת עַצְמָן אֲבָל וַלְדֵי וְלָדוֹת אֵינָן קְרֵבִין. שֶׁמִּתּוֹךְ מַעֲשָׂיו נִכָּר שֶׁהוּא מַשְׁהֶה אוֹתָן לְגַדֵּל מֵהֶן עֲדָרִים עֲדָרִים וּלְפִיכָךְ קוֹנְסִין אוֹתוֹ וְלֹא יַקְרִיבֵם:

What are the laws pertaining to the offspring of consecrated animals? The offspring of an animal consecrated as a peace-offering and the offspring of an animal to which the holiness of a peace-offering was transferred are like peace-offerings and they should be treated like peace-offerings in all respects. Similarly, the offspring of an animal consecrated as a thanksgiving-offering and the offspring of an animal to which the holiness of a thanksgiving-offering was transferred should be sacrificed like a thanksgiving-offering, except that they do not require bread. For bread is brought only for a thanksgiving-offering itself. This is derived from Leviticus 7:12 which states: "He shall offer on the slaughtering of the thanksgiving-offering...." Implied is on its slaughtering, and not on the slaughtering of its offspring or on that of an animal to which its holiness was transferred, as we explained. To what does the above apply? To the offspring themselves. But the offspring of the offspring should not be sacrificed. From his conduct, it is obvious that he is delaying their offering to raise herds from them. Hence, he is penalized and should not offer them.

וְלַד הַחַטָּאת יָמוּת וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר וְלַד תְּמוּרָתָהּ:

The offspring of a sin-offering is killed [without being sacrificed] and it goes without saying [that the same is true for] the offspring of its replacement as well.

הַשּׁוֹחֵט אֶת הַחַטָּאת וּמָצָא בָּהּ בֶּן אַרְבָּעָה חַי הֲרֵי זוֹ נֶאֱכֶלֶת כִּבְשַׂר הַחַטָּאת. שֶׁוַּלְדֵי הַקָּדָשִׁים בִּמְעֵי אִמָּן הֵם קְדוֹשִׁים:

If one who slaughters a sin-offering finds inside it a live four-month old fetus, it may be eaten like the meat of the offering itself since fetal sacrificial animals are holy.

וְלַד תְּמוּרַת הָאָשָׁם וּוְלַד וְלָדָהּ עַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם יִרְעוּ עַד שֶׁיִּפּל בָּהֶם מוּם וְיִמָּכְרוּ וְיִפְּלוּ דְּמֵיהֶן לִנְדָבָה. וְאִם יָלְדָה זָכָר אַחַר שֶׁהִקְרִיב אֲשָׁמוֹ הַוָּלָד עַצְמוֹ יִקָּרֵב עוֹלָה. הִפְרִישׁ נְקֵבָה לַאֲשָׁמוֹ וְיָלְדָה תִּרְעֶה הִיא וּבְנָהּ עַד שֶׁיִּפּל בָּהֶן מוּם וְיִמָּכְרוּ וְיָבִיא בִּדְמֵי שְׁנֵיהֶם אֲשָׁמוֹ. וְאִם כְּבָר הִקְרִיב אֲשָׁמוֹ יִפְּלוּ דְּמֵיהֶן לִנְדָבָה:

The offspring of an animal to which the holiness of a guilt-offering was transferred, the offspring of its offspring, and so too until the end of time should be allowed to pasture until they contract a disqualifying blemish. Then they should be sold and the proceeds used to purchase freewill offerings. If the animal to which the holiness of the guilt-offering was transferred gave birth to a male after the guilt-offering is sacrificed, the offspring itself should be sacrificed as a burnt-offering.If one set aside a female animal as a guilt-offering and it gave birth, it and its offspring should be allowed to pasture until they become blemished. Then they should be sold and the person's guilt-offering purchased with the proceeds of the sale. If he already sacrificed his guilt-offering, the proceeds of their sale should be used to purchase freewill offerings.

וְלַד תְּמוּרַת הָעוֹלָה וּוְלַד וְלָדָהּ עַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ כְּעוֹלָה וְהֵן עַצְמָן יִקָּרְבוּ עוֹלָה. הִפְרִישׁ נְקֵבָה לְעוֹלָתוֹ וְיָלְדָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁיָּלְדָה זָכָר יִרְעֶה עַד שֶׁיִּפּל בּוֹ מוּם וְיָבִיא בְּדָמָיו עוֹלָה. כְּבָר בֵּאַרְנוּ בְּמַעֲשֵׂה הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת שֶׁכָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁאָנוּ אוֹמְרִין יִפְּלוּ לִנְדָבָה הוּא שֶׁיִּתֵּן הַמָּעוֹת בַּשּׁוֹפָרוֹת שֶׁהָיוּ בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בִּשְׁקָלִים כַּמָּה הֵם. וּבֵית דִּין מַקְרִיבִין בְּאוֹתָן הַמָּעוֹת עוֹלוֹת נְדָבָה וְנִסְכֵּיהֶם מִשֶּׁל צִבּוּר וְאֵינָן טְעוּנוֹת סְמִיכָה. אֲבָל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר הוּא עַצְמוֹ יִקְרַב עוֹלָה אוֹ יָבִיא בְּדָמָיו עוֹלָה. הֲרֵי זוֹ טְעוּנָה סְמִיכָה וּנְסָכֶיהָ מִשֶּׁלּוֹ:

The male offspring of an animal to which the holiness of a burnt-offering was transferred, the offspring of its offspring, and so too until the end of time are considered as burnt-offerings and should themselves be offered as burnt-offerings. If one set aside a female as a burnt-offering and it gave birth, even though it gave birth to a male, the offspring should be allowed to pasture until it contracts a disqualifying blemish and then the proceeds of the sale should be used to bring a burnt-offering. We already explained in Hilchot Ma'aseh HaKorbanot that whenever we use the expression "the proceeds of the sale should be used to purchase freewill offerings" the intent is that the money should be placed in the chests that existed in the Temple whose number we explained in Hilchot Shekalim. The court sacrifices freewill burnt-offerings with that money. The accompanying offeringsare brought from communal funds and they do not require semichah. Whenever, by contrast, we use the expression "it itself should be offered as a burnt-offering" or "he should bring a burnt-offering with the proceeds," the sacrifice requires semichah and the owner must bring the accompanying offerings.

וְלַד הַמַּעֲשֵׂר. [וּוְלַד] תְּמוּרַת הַמַּעֲשֵׂר. וְלַד תְּמוּרַת הַבְּכוֹר וּוַלְדֵי וַלְדוֹתֵיהֶן עַד סוֹף הָעוֹלָם. הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ לֹא יִקָּרְבוּ אֶלָּא יִרְעוּ עַד שֶׁיִּפּל בָּהֶן מוּם וְיֵאָכְלוּ כִּבְכוֹר וּכְמַעֲשֵׂר שֶׁנָּפַל בָּהֶן מוּם. וַלְדוֹת תְּמוּרַת הַבְּכוֹר לְכֹהֵן. וַלְדוֹת מַעֲשֵׂר וּתְמוּרָתוֹ לִבְעָלָיו:

The offspring born to an animal selected as a tithe offering, the offspring of an animal to which the holiness of a tithe offering was transferred, and the offspring of an animal to which the holiness of a firstborn animal was transferred, and the offspring of their offspring until the end of time should not be offered. Instead, they should be allowed to pasture until they contract a disqualifying blemish and then they should be eaten according to the laws applying to a blemished firstborn animal and tithe offering. The offspring of an animal to which the holiness of a firstborn animal was transferred belongs to the priest. The offspring of an animal selected as a tithe offering and the offspring of an animal to which the holiness of a animal designated as a tithe offering was transferred belong to the owner.

וְלַד תְּמוּרַת הַפֶּסַח כִּתְמוּרַת הַפֶּסַח. אִם הָיְתָה אִמּוֹ קְרֵבָה שְׁלָמִים וְלָדָהּ יִקָּרֵב שְׁלָמִים וְאִם הָיָה דִּינָהּ שֶׁתִּמָּכֵר וְיָבִיא בְּדָמֶיהָ שְׁלָמִים אַף וְלָדָהּ נִמְכָּר וְיָבִיא בְּדָמָיו שְׁלָמִים. הִפְרִישׁ נְקֵבָה לְפִסְחוֹ וְיָלְדָה. אוֹ שֶׁהִפְרִישָׁהּ מְעֻבֶּרֶת. הִיא וּוְלָדָהּ יִרְעוּ עַד שֶׁיִּפּל בָּהֶן מוּם וְיָבִיא בִּדְמֵיהֶן פֶּסַח. וְאִם נִשְׁאֲרָה נְקֵבָה זוֹ עַד אַחַר הַפֶּסַח אוֹ שֶׁיָּלְדָה אַחַר הַפֶּסַח. תִּרְעֶה הִיא וּוְלָדָהּ עַד שֶׁיִּפּל בָּהֶן מוּם וְיָבִיא בִּדְמֵיהֶן שְׁלָמִים:

The laws that apply to the offspring of an animal to which the holiness of a Paschal sacrifice was transferred are the same as those applying to an animal to which the holiness of a Paschal sacrifice was transferred itself. If its mother should be sacrificed as a peace-offering, its offspring should be offered as a peace-offering. If the law was that the mother should be allowed to pasture until it contracts a blemish and then be sold and the proceeds used to purchase a peace-offering, this same law applies to its offspring. If one designated a female for one's Paschal sacrifice and it gave birth or he designated it for that sacrifice while pregnant, it and its offspring should be allowed to pasture until they contract a disqualifying blemish and a Paschal sacrifice should be brought with the proceeds of their sale. If this female remained unblemished until after Pesach or it gave birth after Pesach, it and its offspring should be allowed to pasture until they contract a disqualifying blemish and a peace-offering should be brought with the proceeds of their sale.

וַלְדוֹת הַקָּדָשִׁים שֶׁיָּצְאוּ דֶּרֶךְ דֹּפֶן. אוֹ שֶׁיָּלְדוּ טֻמְטוּם וְאַנְדְּרוֹגִינוּס וְכִלְאַיִם וּטְרֵפָה. הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ יִפָּדוּ וְיָבִיא בִּדְמֵיהֶן קָרְבָּן הָרָאוּי לְהָבִיא בִּדְמֵי וָלָד שֶׁל זוֹ:

When the offspring of sacrificial animals were born through Caesarian section, as a tumtum, an androgynus, a hybrid, or a tereifah, they should be redeemed and a sacrificial animal that is fit to be brought with the money from the sale of these offspring should be brought.

וְלַד בַּעֲלַת מוּם הֲרֵי הוּא כִּוְלַד הַתְּמִימָה לְכָל דָּבָר וְיִקָּרֵב כָּרָאוּי לוֹ:

The offspring of a blemished consecrated animal is like the offspring of an unblemished consecrated animal in all respects and it should be offered in the appropriate manner.

קָדָשִׁים שֶׁהִפִּילוּ נֵפֶל אוֹ שִׁלְיָא יִקָּבְרוּ וַהֲרֵי הֵם אֲסוּרִים בַּהֲנָאָה:

When a consecrated animal discharges a stillborn animal or a placenta, it should be buried and it is forbidden to benefit from it.

הַמְשַׁנֶּה אֶת הַקָּדָשִׁים מִקְּדֻשָּׁה לִקְדֻשָּׁה עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בִּבְכוֹר (ויקרא כז כו) "לֹא יַקְדִּישׁ אִישׁ אֹתוֹ" שֶׁלֹּא יַעֲשֶׂנּוּ עוֹלָה אוֹ שְׁלָמִים. וְהוּא הַדִּין לִשְׁאָר הַקָּדָשִׁים שֶׁאֵין מְשַׁנִּין אוֹתָן מִקְּדֻשָּׁה לִקְדֻשָּׁה אֶחָד קָדְשֵׁי מִזְבֵּחַ וְאֶחָד קָדְשֵׁי בֶּדֶק הַבַּיִת. כֵּיצַד. אִם הִקְדִּישׁ לְבֶדֶק הַהֵיכָל לֹא יְשַׁנֶּה לְבֶדֶק הַמִּזְבֵּחַ. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה. וְאֵין לוֹקִין עַל לָאו זֶה:

A person who changes the purpose for which an article was consecrated from one holy purpose to another violates a prohibition. This is derived from Leviticus 27:26 which states with regard to a firstborn animal: "A person may not consecrate it," i.e., he may not designate it as a burnt-offering or a peace-offering. The same applies to other consecrated animals. They may not be changed to a purpose other than that for which they were originally consecrated. This applies both to animals consecrated for the altar and animals consecrated for the improvement of the Temple. What is implied? If an article was consecrated for the improvement of the Temple Sanctuary, it should not be changed and the money used for the improvement of the altar. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations. One is not liable for lashes for the violation of this prohibition.

כֵּיצַד מַעֲרִימִין עַל הַבְּכוֹר לְהַקְדִּישׁוֹ לַמִּזְבֵּחַ הֶקְדֵּשׁ אַחֵר. מַקְדִּישׁוֹ בַּבֶּטֶן קֹדֶם שֶׁיִּוָּלֵד שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כז כו) "אֲשֶׁר יְבֻכַּר לַה'" (ויקרא כז כו) "לֹא יַקְדִּישׁ אִישׁ אוֹתוֹ". מִשֶּׁיְּבֻכַּר אִי אַתָּה מַקְדִּישׁוֹ אֲבָל אַתָּה מַקְדִּישׁוֹ בַּבֶּטֶן. לְפִיכָךְ יֵשׁ לוֹ לוֹמַר מַה שֶּׁבְּמֵעֶיהָ שֶׁל מַבְכֶּרֶת זוֹ אִם הוּא זָכָר הֲרֵי זוֹ עוֹלָה. אֲבָל אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לוֹמַר זִבְחֵי שְׁלָמִים שֶׁאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהַפְקִיעַ אוֹתוֹ מִקְּדֻשָּׁתוֹ כְּדֵי לֵהָנוֹת בּוֹ. וְאִם אָמַר עִם יְצִיאַת רֹב רֹאשׁוֹ יִהְיֶה עוֹלָה הֲרֵי זֶה בְּכוֹר וְאֵינוֹ עוֹלָה:

What clever technique can be used with regard to a firstborn to consecrate it to the altar for another sacrifice? One may consecrate it in its mother's womb, before it is born. This is derived from Leviticus 27:26: "which will become a firstborn for G-d among the livestock - a man shall not consecrate it." Implied is that when it is born, one may not consecrate it, but one may consecrate it in its mother's womb. Therefore one may say: "If the fetus in the womb of this cow that has not given birth previously is male, it is consecrated as a burnt-offering." He may not, however, designate it as a peace-offering, for he cannot remove it from the holiness of the firstborn in order to benefit from it. If one said: "It should be a burnt-offering when the majority of its head emerges," it is a firstborn and not a burnt-offering.

וְאֵין מַעֲרִימִין עַל בֶּהֱמַת הֶקְדֵּשׁ לְהַקְדִּישׁ עֻבָּרָהּ קְדֻשָּׁה אַחֶרֶת אֶלָּא הֲרֵי הוּא כִּקְדֻשַּׁת אִמּוֹ. שֶׁוַּלְדוֹת הַקָּדָשִׁים מִמְּעֵי אִמָּם הֵם קְדוֹשִׁים כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. וַהֲרֵי כָּל עֻבָּר מֵהֶן כִּקְדֻשַּׁת אִמּוֹ וְאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְשַׁנּוֹתוֹ בַּבֶּטֶן כְּדֶרֶךְ שֶׁעָשָׂה בִּבְכוֹר שֶׁהַבְּכוֹר בִּיצִיאָתוֹ הוּא שֶׁמִּתְקַדֵּשׁ. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁכָּל חֻקֵּי הַתּוֹרָה גְּזֵרוֹת הֵם כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בְּסוֹף מְעִילָה. רָאוּי לְהִתְבּוֹנֵן בָּהֶן וְכָל מַה שֶּׁאַתָּה יָכוֹל לִתֵּן לוֹ טַעַם תֵּן לוֹ טַעַם. הֲרֵי אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים שֶׁהַמֶּלֶךְ שְׁלֹמֹה הֵבִין רֹב הַטְּעָמִים שֶׁל כָּל חֻקֵּי הַתּוֹרָה. יֵרָאֶה לִי שֶׁזֶּה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב (ויקרא כז י) (ויקרא כז ל) "וְהָיָה הוּא וּתְמוּרָתוֹ יִהְיֶה קֹדֶשׁ". כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁאָמַר (ויקרא כז טו) "וְאִם הַמַּקְדִּישׁ יִגְאַל אֶת בֵּיתוֹ וְיָסַף חֲמִישִׁית כֶּסֶף עֶרְכְּךָ עָלָיו". יָרְדָה תּוֹרָה לְסוֹף מַחֲשֶׁבֶת הָאָדָם וּקְצָת יִצְרוֹ הָרַע. שֶׁטֶּבַע שֶׁל אָדָם נוֹטֶה לְהַרְבּוֹת קִנְיָנוֹ וְלָחוּס עַל מָמוֹנוֹ וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנָּדַר וְהִקְדִּישׁ אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁחָזַר בּוֹ וְנִחַם וְיִפְדֶּה בְּפָחוֹת מִשָּׁוְיוֹ אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה אִם פָּדָה לְעַצְמוֹ יוֹסִיף חֹמֶשׁ. וְכֵן אִם הִקְדִּישׁ בְּהֵמָה קְדֻשַּׁת הַגּוּף שֶׁמָּא יַחְזֹר בּוֹ וְכֵיוָן שֶׁאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לִפְדּוֹתָהּ יַחְלִיפֶנָּה בִּפְחוּתָה מִמֶּנָּה. וְאִם תִּתֵּן לוֹ רְשׁוּת לְהַחְלִיף הָרַע בְּיָפֶה יַחְלִיף הַיָּפֶה בְּרַע וְיֹאמַר טוֹב הוּא. לְפִיכָךְ סָתַם הַכָּתוּב בְּפָנָיו שֶׁלֹּא יַחְלִיף. וּקְנָסוֹ אִם הֶחְלִיף וְאָמַר וְהָיָה הוּא וּתְמוּרָתוֹ יִהְיֶה קֹדֶשׁ. וְכָל אֵלּוּ הַדְּבָרִים כְּדֵי לָכֹף אֶת יִצְרוֹ וּלְתַקֵּן דֵּעוֹתָיו. וְרֹב דִּינֵי הַתּוֹרָה אֵינָן אֶלָּא עֵצוֹת מֵרָחוֹק מִגְּדוֹל הָעֵצָה לְתַקֵּן הַדֵּעוֹת וּלְיַשֵּׁר כָּל הַמַּעֲשִׂים. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (משלי כב כ) "הֲלֹא כָתַבְתִּי לְךָ שָׁלִישִׁים בְּמֹעֵצוֹת וָדָעַת". לְהוֹדִיעֲךָ קֹשְׁטְ אִמְרֵי אֱמֶת לְהָשִׁיב אֲמָרִים אֱמֶת לְשלְחֶיךָ:

One may not engage in shenanigans using an animal [belonging to] the Temple to sanctify its fetus with another [form of] sanctity rather [the fetus] has the sanctity of its mother for the children of sacred animals are sacred from within their mothers' womb as we explained and therefore each of them have the same sanctity as its mother, which cannot be changed in the womb as with a first-born for the first born becomes hole when it comes out. Even though all the laws of the Torah are [arbitrary] decrees, as we explained at the end of the Laws of Desecration, it is worthwhile to meditate on them and assign reasons to whatever part of it you can assign a reason to. Behold the early sages said "Solomon understood the reasons of most of the Torah's Laws." [In light of this] it appears to me that this which the Torah says "and both it and its replacement shall be holy" is similar to the subject where it says "and if the one who sanctifies redeems his house and adds a fifth of your appraisal to it." The Torah descends to the end of a person's train of thought and some of his evil inclination for a person's nature urges him to increase his possessions and conserve his money and even if he pledged and sanctified, he may retract and regret it and redeem it for less than its worth. Therefore if he redeems it privately, the Torah [makes him] add a fifth. Similarly if he sanctified an animal [with] corporeal sanctity he may regret it and since he cannot redeem it, he may come to exchange it for one that is [worth] less and if he were given permission to exchange the worse [animal] for a better one, he would exchange the better animal for a worse one and call it better. Therefore the Scripture closed [the way] in front of him that he may not exchange and fined him if he did exchange and said "both it and its replacement will be holy." And all of these things are to subdue the will and refine the character and most of the laws of the Torah are nothing but advice from the Master of Advice to refine the character and to straighten the actions. Thus it says "Have not I written unto thee excellent things of counsels and knowledge; That I might make thee know the certainty of the words of truth, that thou mightest bring back words of truth to them that send thee?" We have finished the Laws of exchanges with the help of Heaven.

ספר תשיעי והוא ספר הקרבנות הלכותיו ששה ופרקיו חמשה וארבעים:ואלו הן:הלכות קרבן פסח עשרה פרקים הלכות חגיגה שלשה פרקים הלכות בכורות שמונה פרקים הלכות שגגות חמשה עשר פרקים הלכות מחוסרי כפרה חמשה פרקים הלכות תמורה ארבעה פרקים: