Torah Study Chapter 4

אֵין מְלַמְּדִין תּוֹרָה אֶלָּא לְתַלְמִיד הָגוּן נָאֶה בְּמַעֲשָׂיו. אוֹ לְתָם. אֲבָל אִם הָיָה הוֹלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ לֹא טוֹבָה מַחְזִירִין אוֹתוֹ לַמּוּטָב וּמַנְהִיגִין אוֹתוֹ בְּדֶרֶךְ יְשָׁרָה וּבוֹדְקִין אוֹתוֹ וְאַחַר כָּךְ מַכְנִיסִין אוֹתוֹ לְבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ וּמְלַמְּדִין אוֹתוֹ. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים כָּל הַשּׁוֹנֶה לְתַלְמִיד שֶׁאֵינוֹ הָגוּן כְּאִלּוּ זָרַק אֶבֶן לְמַרְקוּלִיס שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי כו ח) "כִּצְרוֹר אֶבֶן בְּמַרְגֵּמָה כֵּן נוֹתֵן לִכְסִיל כָּבוֹד". וְאֵין כָּבוֹד אֶלָּא תּוֹרָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי ג לה) "כָּבוֹד חֲכָמִים יִנְחָלוּ". וְכֵן הָרַב שֶׁאֵינוֹ הוֹלֵךְ בְּדֶרֶךְ טוֹבָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁחָכָם גָּדוֹל הוּא וְכָל הָעָם צְרִיכִין לוֹ אֵין מִתְלַמְּדִין מִמֶּנּוּ עַד שׁוּבוֹ לַמּוּטָב. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (מלאכי ב ז) "כִּי שִׂפְתֵי כֹהֵן יִשְׁמְרוּ דַעַת וְתוֹרָה יְבַקְשׁוּ מִפִּיהוּ כִּי מַלְאַךְ ה' צְבָאוֹת הוּא". אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים אִם הָרַב דּוֹמֶה לְמַלְאַךְ ה' צְבָאוֹת תּוֹרָה יְבַקְּשׁוּ מִפִּיהוּ אִם לָאו אַל יְבַקְּשׁוּ תּוֹרָה מִפִּיהוּ:

Torah should be taught only to a proper student - one whose deeds are attractive - or to a person whose behavior is unknown. However, [a potential student] who follows bad ways should be influenced to correct his behavior and trained to follow a straight path. [After he repents, his deeds] are examined and he is allowed to enter the house of study to be instructed. Our Sages said: Whoever teaches an improper student is considered as if he throws a stone to Mercury, as [Proverbs 26:8] states: "As one who winds a stone in a sling, so is he who gives honor to a fool." There is no "honor" other than Torah, as [Proverbs 3:35] states: "The wise shall inherit honor." Similarly, one should not study from a teacher who does not follow a proper path, even though he is a very wise man and his [instruction] is required by the entire nation, until he returns to a good path, as [implied by Malachi 2:7]: "For the priest's lips shall keep knowledge, and they shall seek Torah from his mouth, because he is a messenger from the Lord of Hosts." Our Sages said: If a teacher resembles "a messenger of the Lord of Hosts," seek Torah from his mouth. If he does not, do not seek Torah from his mouth.

כֵּיצַד מְלַמְּדִים. הָרַב יוֹשֵׁב בָּרֹאשׁ וְהַתַּלְמִידִים מֻקָּפִים לְפָנָיו כַּעֲטָרָה כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהוּ כֻּלָּם רוֹאִים הָרַב וְשׁוֹמְעִים דְּבָרָיו. וְלֹא יֵשֵׁב הָרַב עַל הַכִּסֵּא וְתַלְמִידָיו עַל הַקַּרְקַע אֶלָּא אוֹ הַכּל עַל הָאָרֶץ אוֹ הַכּל עַל הַכִּסְאוֹת. וּבָרִאשׁוֹנָה הָיָה הָרַב יוֹשֵׁב וְהַתַּלְמִידִים עוֹמְדִים וּמִקֹּדֶם חֻרְבַּן בַּיִת שֵׁנִי נָהֲגוּ הַכּל לְלַמֵּד לַתַּלְמִידִים וְהֵם יוֹשְׁבִים:

How is [Torah] taught? The teacher sits at the head and the students sit around him, so that all can see the teacher and hear his words. The teacher should not sit on a chair, [while] his students [sit] on the ground. Rather, either everyone should sit on the ground or everyone should sit on chairs. Originally, the teacher would sit and the students would stand. [However,] before the destruction of the Second Temple, everyone followed the practice of teaching while both they and the students were seated.

אִם הָיָה מְלַמֵּד מִפִּיו לַתַּלְמִידִים מְלַמֵּד. וְאִם הָיָה מְלַמֵּד עַל פִּי מְתַרְגֵּם [הַמְתַרְגֵּם] עוֹמֵד בֵּינוֹ וּבֵין הַתַּלְמִידִים וְהָרַב אוֹמֵר לַמְתַרְגֵּם וְהַמְתַרְגֵּם מַשְׁמִיעַ לְכָל הַתַּלְמִידִים. וּכְשֶׁהֵם שׁוֹאֲלִין לַמְתַרְגֵּם הוּא שׁוֹאֵל לָרַב וְהָרַב מֵשִׁיב לַמְתַרְגֵּם וְהַמְתַרְגֵּם מֵשִׁיב לַשּׁוֹאֵל. וְלֹא יַגְבִּיהַּ הָרַב קוֹלוֹ יוֹתֵר מִקּוֹל הַמְתַרְגֵּם. וְלֹא יַגְבִּיהַּ הַמְתַרְגֵּם קוֹלוֹ בְּעֵת שֶׁשּׁוֹאֵל אֶת הָרַב יוֹתֵר מִקּוֹל הָרַב. אֵין הַמְתַרְגֵּם רַשַּׁאי לֹא לִפְחֹת וְלֹא לְהוֹסִיף וְלֹא לְשַׁנּוֹת אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הָיָה הַמְתֻרְגְּמָן אָבִיו שֶׁל חָכָם אוֹ רַבּוֹ. אוֹמֵר הָרַב לַמְתֻרְגְּמָן כָּךְ אָמַר לִי רַבִּי אוֹ כָּךְ אָמַר לִי אַבָּא מָרִי. וּכְשֶׁאוֹמֵר הַמְתֻרְגְּמָן הַדְּבָרִים לָעָם אוֹמֵר בְּשֵׁם הֶחָכָם וּמַזְכִּיר שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל אֲבִי הָרַב אוֹ שֶׁל רַבּוֹ וְאוֹמֵר כָּךְ אָמַר רַבָּנָא פְּלוֹנִי אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא הִזְכִּיר הָרַב שְׁמוֹ שֶׁל חָכָם. שֶׁאָסוּר לִקְרוֹת לְרַבּוֹ אוֹ לְאָבִיו בִּשְׁמוֹ:

If the teacher [desires] to instruct the students personally, he is entitled to do so. If he [desires to] teach through the medium of a spokesman, the spokesman should stand between him and the students. The teacher speaks to the spokesman and he announces the teaching to all the students. When they ask the spokesman a question, he asks the teacher. The teacher, [in turn,] replies to the spokesman and the spokesman replies to the questioner. The teacher should not raise his voice above that of the spokesman. Similarly, when the spokesman asks a question of the teacher, he should not raise his voice above that of the teacher. The spokesman is not allowed to detract from, add to, or change [the teacher's words], unless he is the teacher's father or teacher. If the teacher tells the spokesman: "My teacher told me the following..." or "My father and teacher told me the following...," when the spokesman relates the teaching to the people, he should quote the statement in the name of the sage [who authored it], mentioning the name of the teacher's father or teacher, saying: "So and so, the sage, said the following..." [This is allowed] despite the fact the teacher did not mention the sage's name, because it is forbidden to refer to one's teacher or father by name.

הָרַב שֶׁלִּמֵּד וְלֹא הֵבִינוּ הַתַּלְמִידִים לֹא יִכְעֹס עֲלֵיהֶם וְיִרְגַּז אֶלָּא חוֹזֵר וְשׁוֹנֶה הַדָּבָר אֲפִלּוּ כַּמָּה פְּעָמִים עַד שֶׁיָּבִינוּ עֹמֶק הַהֲלָכָה. וְכֵן לֹא יֹאמַר הַתַּלְמִיד הֵבַנְתִּי וְהוּא לֹא הֵבִין אֶלָּא חוֹזֵר וְשׁוֹאֵל אֲפִלּוּ כַּמָּה פְּעָמִים. וְאִם כָּעַס עָלָיו רַבּוֹ וְרָגַז יֹאמַר לוֹ רַבִּי תּוֹרָה הִיא וְלִלְמֹד אֲנִי צָרִיךְ וְדַעְתִּי קְצָרָה:

A Rabbi who teaches and his students don't understand, [should] not get mad at them and not be angry. Rather he should go back and teach the matter no matter (lit. even) how many times, until [he] understands the depth of the Halacha. And similarly, a student shouldn't say he understands if he doesn't understand. Rather he should go back and ask, even a few times. And if his Rabbi gets mad at him, and angry, he should tell him: My Rabbi, this is Torah, and I need to learn, and my knowledge is short.

לֹא יִהְיֶה הַתַּלְמִיד בּוֹשׁ מֵחֲבֵרָיו שֶׁלָּמְדוּ מִפַּעַם רִאשׁוֹנָה אוֹ שְׁנִיָּה וְהוּא לֹא לָמַד אֶלָּא אַחַר כַּמָּה פְּעָמִים. שֶׁאִם נִתְבַּיֵּשׁ מִדָּבָר זֶה נִמְצָא נִכְנָס וְיוֹצֵא לְבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ וְהוּא אֵינוֹ לָמֵד כְּלוּם. לְפִיכָךְ אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים אֵין הַבַּיְשָׁן לָמֵד וְלֹא הַקַּפְּדָן מְלַמֵּד. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בִּזְמַן שֶׁלֹּא הֵבִינוּ הַתַּלְמִידִים הַדָּבָר מִפְּנֵי עָמְקוֹ אוֹ מִפְּנֵי דַּעְתָּן שֶׁהִיא קְצָרָה. אֲבָל אִם נִכָּר לָרַב שֶׁהֵם מִתְרַשְּׁלִין בְּדִבְרֵי תּוֹרָה וּמִתְרַפִּין עֲלֵיהֶן וּלְפִיכָךְ לֹא הֵבִינוּ חַיָּב לִרְגֹז עֲלֵיהֶן וּלְהַכְלִימָן בִּדְבָרִים כְּדֵי לְחַדְּדָם. וּכְעִנְיָן זֶה אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים זְרֹק מָרָה בַּתַּלְמִידִים. לְפִיכָךְ אֵין רָאוּי לָרַב לִנְהֹג קַלּוּת רֹאשׁ לִפְנֵי הַתַּלְמִידִים וְלֹא לִשְׂחֹק בִּפְנֵיהֶם וְלֹא לֶאֱכל וְלִשְׁתּוֹת עִמָּהֶם כְּדֵי שֶׁתְּהֵא אֵימָתוֹ עֲלֵיהֶן וְיִלְמְדוּ מִמֶּנּוּ בִּמְהֵרָה:

A student should not be embarrassed because his colleagues grasped the subject matter the first or second time, while he did not understand it until it was repeated a number of times. If he becomes embarrassed because of such matters, he will find himself going in and out of the house of study without learning anything. Accordingly, the Sages of the previous generations stated: "A bashful person will not learn, nor should the short-tempered teach." When does the above apply? When the students did not understand the subject matter because of its depth or because of their limited powers of comprehension. However, if it appears to the teacher that they are not applying themselves to the words of Torah and are lax about them, and, therefore, do not understand, he is obligated to display anger towards them and shame them with his words, to sharpen their powers of concentration. In this context, our Sages said: "Cast fear into the students." Therefore, it is not fitting for a teacher to act frivolously in the presence of his students. He should not amuse himself in their presence, nor should he eat and drink with them. [These restrictions are intended] so that they fear him and study under him at a fast pace.

אֵין שׁוֹאֲלִין אֶת הָרַב כְּשֶׁיִּכָּנֵס לַמִּדְרָשׁ עַד שֶׁתִּתְיַשֵּׁב דַּעְתּוֹ עָלָיו. וְאֵין הַתַּלְמִיד שׁוֹאֵל כְּשֶׁיִּכָּנֵס עַד שֶׁיִּתְיַשֵּׁב וְיָנוּחַ. וְאֵין שׁוֹאֲלִין שְׁנַיִם כְּאֶחָד. וְאֵין שׁוֹאֲלִין אֶת הָרַב מֵעִנְיָן אַחֵר אֶלָּא מֵאוֹתוֹ הָעִנְיָן שֶׁהֵן עֲסוּקִין בּוֹ כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִתְבַּיֵּשׁ. וְיֵשׁ לָרַב לְהַטְעוֹת אֶת הַתַּלְמִידִים בִּשְׁאֵלוֹתָיו וּבַמַּעֲשִׂים שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה בִּפְנֵיהֶם כְּדֵי לְחַדְּדָן. וּכְדֵי שֶׁיֵּדַע אִם זוֹכְרִים הֵם מַה שֶּׁלִּמְּדָם אוֹ אֵינָם זוֹכְרִים. וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ רְשׁוּת לִשְׁאל אוֹתָם בְּעִנְיָן אַחֵר שֶׁאֵין עוֹסְקִין בּוֹ כְּדֵי לְזָרְזָם:

When the teacher enters the house of study, questions should not be posed to him until he gathers his powers of concentration. [Thus,] a student should not ask until he sits and rests. Two should not ask at once. A teacher should not be asked about an outside matter, but rather, [only] regarding the subject which they are involved with, lest he become embarrassed. The teacher may [deliberately] lead the students astray with his questions and the deeds he carries out in their presence to sharpen their powers of concentration and to test whether they remember what he taught them or not. Needless to say, he may ask them regarding another matter, which they are not presently involved with, to spur them on.

אֵין שׁוֹאֲלִין מְעֻמָּד וְאֵין מְשִׁיבִין מְעֻמָּד וְלֹא מִגָּבוֹהַּ וְלֹא מֵרָחוֹק וְלֹא מֵאֲחוֹרֵי הַזְּקֵנִים. וְאֵין שׁוֹאֲלִין הָרַב אֶלָּא בְּעִנְיָן שֶׁהֵן קוֹרִין בּוֹ. וְאֵין שׁוֹאֲלִין אֶלָּא מִיִּרְאָה. וְלֹא יִשְׁאַל בָּעִנְיָן יוֹתֵר מִשָּׁלֹשׁ הֲלָכוֹת:

A person should not ask a question while standing, nor should a person respond while standing. One should not ask from a high place, from far away, or from behind the elders. A question should be asked of the teacher regarding only the subject which they are reading. A question should be asked only with an attitude of awe. A person should ask concerning only three halachot [while studying] the same subject.

שְׁנַיִם שֶׁשָּׁאֲלוּ. שָׁאַל אֶחָד כָּעִנְיָן וְשָׁאַל אֶחָד שֶׁלֹּא כָּעִנְיָן נִזְקָקִין לָעִנְיָן. מַעֲשֶׂה וְשֶׁאֵינוֹ מַעֲשֶׂה נִזְקָקִין לַמַּעֲשֶׂה. הֲלָכָה וּמִדְרָשׁ נִזְקָקִין לַהֲלָכָה. מִדְרָשׁ וְאַגָּדָה נִזְקָקִין לַמִּדְרָשׁ. אַגָּדָה וְקַל וָחֹמֶר נִזְקָקִין לַקַּל וָחֹמֶר. קַל וָחֹמֶר וּגְזֵרָה שָׁוָה נִזְקָקִין לַקַּל וָחֹמֶר. הָיוּ הַשּׁוֹאֲלִין שְׁנַיִם אֶחָד חָכָם וְאֶחָד תַּלְמִיד נִזְקָקִין לֶחָכָם. תַּלְמִיד וְעַם הָאָרֶץ נִזְקָקִין לַתַּלְמִיד. שְׁנֵיהֶם חֲכָמִים שְׁנֵיהֶם תַּלְמִידִים שְׁנֵיהֶם עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ שָׁאֲלוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם בִּשְׁתֵּי הֲלָכוֹת אוֹ בִּשְׁתֵּי תְּשׁוּבוֹת אוֹ בִּשְׁתֵּי שְׁאֵלוֹת שְׁנֵי מַעֲשִׂים. הָרְשׁוּת בְּיַד הַמְתַרְגֵּם מֵעַתָּה:

[The following rules apply when] two people ask questions simultaneously: If one question is to the point and the other is not to the point, attention is paid to the question which is to the point. [If one question concerns] a matter to be applied in practice, and the other is an abstract question, attention is paid to the question which concerns the matter to be applied. [If one question concerns] Torah law, and the other the interpretation of the verses of the Torah, attention is paid to the question which concerns Torah law. [If one question concerns] the interpretation of the verses of the Torah, and the other aggadah, attention is paid to the question which concerns the interpretation of the verses of the Torah. [If one question concerns] aggadah, and the other the inference drawn from a minor premise to a major one, attention is paid to the question which concerns the inference drawn from a minor premise to a major one. [If one question concerns] the inference drawn from a minor premise to a major one, and the other an analogy established on the basis of similar words, attention is paid to the inference drawn from a minor premise to a major one. If of the two questioners, one was a sage and one was a student, attention is paid to the sage; one a student and one a commoner, attention is paid to the student. However, if they are both sages, both students, or both commoners - similarly, if two people both ask questions concerning Torah law, or they both wish to reply to what has been previously stated, or both questions concern actual deeds - from this point on, the spokesman has the option [of giving precedence to whichever question he desires].

אֵין יְשֵׁנִים בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ וְכָל הַמִּתְנַמְנֵם בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ חָכְמָתוֹ נַעֲשֵׂית קְרָעִים קְרָעִים. וְכֵן אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה בְּחָכְמָתוֹ (משלי כג כא) "וּקְרָעִים תַּלְבִּישׁ נוּמָה". וְאֵין מְשִׂיחִין בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ אֶלָּא בְּדִבְרֵי תּוֹרָה בִּלְבַד. אֲפִלּוּ מִי שֶׁנִּתְעַטֵּשׁ אֵין אוֹמְרִים לוֹ רְפוּאָה בְּבֵית הַמִּדְרָשׁ וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר שְׁאָר הַדְּבָרִים. וּקְדֻשַּׁת בֵּית הַמִּדְרָשׁ חֲמוּרָה מִקְּדֻשַּׁת בָּתֵּי כְּנֵסִיּוֹת:

One should not sleep in a house of study. When any person dozes in the house of study, his Torah will be torn in shreds. This is alluded to in Solomon's words of wisdom [Proverbs 23:21]: "Drowsiness will clothe a man in rags." Conversation in the house of study should concern only the words of Torah. Even if someone sneezes, one should not wish him: "[To your] recovery" in the house of study. Needless to say, the discussion of other matters is prohibited. The sanctity of a house of study exceeds that of a synagogue.