הלכות כלים
18 halachot · Hebrew + English
שָׁלֹשׁ תֵּבוֹת הֵן. תֵּבָה שֶׁנִּפְחֲתָה מִצִּדָּהּ טְמֵאָה מִדְרָס. מִלְּמַעְלָה טְמֵאָה טְמֵא מֵת. וְהַבָּאָה בְּמִדָּה טְהוֹרָה מִכְּלוּם:
There are three types of chests: a) a chest that was broken open from its side; it is susceptible to midras impurity; b) one that was broken open from above; it is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; c) an oversized one; it is pure entirely.
שָׁלֹשׁ עֲרֵבוֹת הֵן. עֲרֵבָה מִשְּׁנֵי לוֹגִין וְעַד תִּשְׁעָה קַבִּין שֶׁנִּסְדְּקָה טְמֵאָה מִדְרָס. שְׁלֵמָה טְמֵאָה טְמֵא מֵת. וְהַבָּאָה בְּמִדָּה טְהוֹרָה מִכְּלוּם:
There are three types of kneading troughs: a) a kneading trough that contains between two lugin and nine kabbin that was cracked; it is susceptible to midras impurity; b) one that is intact; it is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; c) an oversized one; it is pure entirely.
שָׁלֹשׁ עֲגָלוֹת הֵן. הָעֲשׂוּיָה כְּקָתֵדְרָה טְמֵאָה מִדְרָס. כְּמִטָּה טְמֵאָה טְמֵא מֵת. וְשֶׁל אֲבָנִים טְהוֹרָה מִכְּלוּם:
There are three types of wagons: a) a wagon made like a chair; it is susceptible to midras impurity; b) one that is made like a bed; it is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; c) one made to transport large stones; it is pure entirely.
שְׁלֹשָׁה תְּרִיסִין הֵן. תְּרִיס הַכָּפוּף טָמֵא מִדְרָס. וְשֶׁמְּשַׂחֲקִין בּוֹ בְּקֻמְפּוֹן טָמֵא טְמֵא מֵת. וְדִיצַת הָעַרְבִיִּים טְהוֹרָה מִכְּלוּם. לְפִי שֶׁהִיא עֲשׂוּיָה לְצוּרָה בִּלְבַד וְאֵינָהּ מִמְּשַׁמְּשֵׁי אָדָם וְכָל כְּלִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִמְּשַׁמְּשֵׁי אָדָם אֵינוֹ מְקַבֵּל טֻמְאָה כָּל עִקֵּר:
There are three types of shields: a) a shield that is bent over; it is susceptible to midras impurity; b) one used for sport in a stadium; it is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; c) one made for Arabs to play with; it is pure entirely. The rationale is that it is made only to use as a shape and does not serve a functional purpose for people. Any k'li that does not serve a functional purpose for people is not susceptible to impurity at all.
שְׁלֹשָׁה תַּרְבּוּסִין שֶׁל עוֹר הֵן. שֶׁל סְפָרִים טָמֵא מִדְרָס. וְשֶׁאוֹכְלִין עָלָיו טָמֵא טְמֵא מֵת. וְשֶׁשּׁוֹטְחִים עָלָיו אֶת הַזֵּיתִים טָהוֹר מִכְּלוּם לְפִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִמְּשַׁמְּשֵׁי אָדָם:
There are three types of leather wrappers: a) one used by bloodletters; it is susceptible to midras impurity; b) one upon which people eat; it is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; c) one upon which olives are spread; it is pure entirely, because it is not used for a purpose directly benefitting man.
שְׁלֹשָׁה בְּסִיסָאוֹת הֵן. שֶׁלִּפְנֵי הַמִּטָּה וְשֶׁלִּפְנֵי הַסּוֹפְרִים טָמֵא מִדְרָס. שֶׁל שֻׁלְחָן טָמֵא טְמֵא מֵת. וְשֶׁל מִגְדָּל טָהוֹר מִכְּלוּם לְפִי שֶׁהוּא מִקְצָת מִגְדָּל וְצוּרָתוֹ מוֹכַחַת עָלָיו:
There are three types of bases: a) one placed before a bed or before scribes; it is susceptible to midras impurity; b) one for a table; it is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; c) one for a closet; it is pure entirely, because it is considered as part of the closet and its shape indicates such.
שָׁלֹשׁ מִטּוֹת הֵן. הָעֲשׂוּיָה לִשְׁכִיבָה טְמֵאָה מִדְרָס. וְשֶׁל זַגָּגִים שֶּׁנּוֹתְנִין בָּהּ כְּלֵי זְכוּכִית טְמֵאָה טֻמְאַת מֵת. וְשֶׁל סָרָגִין שֶׁמְּסָרְגִין עָלֶיהָ אֶת הַסְּבָכוֹת טְהוֹרָה מִכְּלוּם לְפִי שֶׁאֵינָהּ מִמְּשַׁמְּשֵׁי אָדָם:
There are three types of beds: a) one made to lie on; it is susceptible to midras impurity; b) one for glass workers upon which they place glass utensils; it is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; c) one for weavers upon which they weave clothes; it is pure entirely, because it is not used for a purpose directly benefitting man.
שָׁלֹשׁ מִשְׁפָּלוֹת הֵן. שֶׁל זֶבֶל טְמֵאָה מִדְרָס. שֶׁל תֶּבֶן טְמֵאָה טְמֵא מֵת. וְהַפֻּחְלָץ שֶׁל גְּמַלִּים טָהוֹר מִכְּלוּם לְפִי שֶׁהַחֲבָלִים שֶׁלּוֹ קָשִׁים בְּיוֹתֵר וְעָבִים וְאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לְקַבֵּל תֶּבֶן וְכַיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ וְנִמְצָא שֶׁאֵין עָלָיו תּוֹרַת כְּלֵי אֶלָּא חֲבָלִים בִּלְבַד:
There are three types of baskets that serve as dispensers: a) one for fertilizer; it is susceptible to midras impurity; b) one for straw; it is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; c) a rope net carrier borne by camels; it is pure entirely, because its ropes are very coarse and thick, nor is it fit to serve as a container for straw and the like. Thus it is not considered as a k'li at all; it is only ropes.
שְׁלֹשָׁה מַפָּצִין הֵן. הֶעָשׂוּי לִישִׁיבָה טָמֵא מִדְרָס. וְשֶׁל צַבָּעִים שֶׁמַּנִּיחִין בּוֹ אֶת הַכֵּלִים טָמֵא טְמֵא מֵת. וְשֶׁל גִּתּוֹת שֶׁנּוֹתְנִין עָלָיו עֲנָבִים וּמְחַפִּין בּוֹ טָהוֹר מִכְּלוּם לְפִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִמְּשַׁמְּשֵׁי אָדָם:
There are three types of mats: a) one made for sitting; it is susceptible to midras impurity; b) one on which dyers place their garments; it is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; c) those used for vats upon which grapes are placed and which are used as covers; they are pure entirely, because they are not used for a purpose directly benefitting man.
שָׁלֹשׁ חֲמָתוֹת הֵן וּשְׁלֹשָׁה תּוּרְמְלִין הֵן. הַמְקַבְּלִין כְּשִׁעוּר טְמֵאִין מִדְרָס. וְכַמָּה שִׁעוּרָן הַחֵמֶת אַרְבָּעָה קַבִּין וְהַתּוּרְמִיל חֲמִשָּׁה. וְשֶׁאֵינָן מְקַבְּלִין כְּשִׁעוּר טְמֵאִים טְמֵא מֵת. וְשֶׁל עוֹרוֹת הַדָּג טָהוֹר מִכְּלוּם:
There are three types of leather pouches and three types of leather satchels: a) those that contained the specified measures susceptible to midras impurity. What are their specified measures? For a leather pouch, four kabbin and for a satchel, five. b) those that do not contain the specified measure are susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; and c) those made from the skin of a fish are pure entirely.
שְׁלֹשָׁה עוֹרוֹת הֵן. הֶעָשׂוּי לְשָׁטִיחַ טְמֵא מִדְרָס. וְהֶעָשׂוּי לְתַכְרִיךְ כֵּלִים טָמֵא טְמֵא מֵת. וְשֶׁל רְצוּעוֹת וְשֶׁל סַנְדָּלִין טָהוֹר מִכְּלוּם לְפִי שֶׁאֵין עָלָיו צוּרַת כְּלִי:
There are three types of hides: a) one made to serve as a rug; it is susceptible to midras impurity; b) one used to wrap keilim; it is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; c) one used for straps and for sandals; it is pure entirely, because it does not have the form of a k'li.
שְׁלֹשָׁה סְדִינִין הֵן. הֶעָשׂוּי לִשְׁכִיבָה טָמֵא מִדְרָס. וְהֶעָשׂוּי לְפָרֹכֶת טָמֵא טְמֵא מֵת. וְשֶׁל צוּרוֹת שֶׁעוֹשִׂין אוֹתוֹ כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּתְלַמֵּד מִמֶּנּוּ הָרוֹקֵם טָהוֹר מִכְּלוּם לְפִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִמְּשַׁמְּשֵׁי אָדָם:
There are three types of sheets: a) one made to lie upon; it is susceptible to midras impurity; b) one used for a curtain; it is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; c) one with forms used for an embroiderer to learn from; it is pure entirely, because it is not used for a purpose directly benefitting man.
שָׁלֹשׁ מִטְפָּחוֹת הֵן. שֶׁל יָדַיִם טְמֵאָה מִדְרָס. וְשֶׁל סְפָרִים טְמֵאָה טְמֵא מֵת. וְשֶׁל תַּכְרִיכֵי הַמֵּת וְשֶׁל נִבְלֵי בְּנֵי לֵוִי טְהוֹרָה מִכְּלוּם לְפִי שֶׁאֵינָן מִמְּשַׁמְּשֵׁי אָדָם:
There are three types of cloths: a) a cloth napkin; it is susceptible to midras impurity; b) one used for scrolls; it is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; c) the shrouds of a corpse and the wrappings for the harps of the Levites; they are pure entirely, because they are not used for a purpose directly benefitting man.
עוֹר הֶעָשׂוּי כְּמוֹ יָד שֶׁמַּכְנִיסִין בּוֹ הַיָּד וְהָאֶצְבָּעוֹת מִפְּנֵי הַצִּנָּה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן הוּא הַנִּקְרָא פְּרַקְלִינִין. וּשְׁלֹשָׁה פְּרַקְלִינִין הֵן. שֶׁל צַיָּדֵי חַיָּה וְעוֹף טָמֵא מִדְרָס שֶׁהֲרֵי נִשְׁעָן עָלָיו. וְשֶׁל חֲגָבִים טָמֵא טְמֵא מֵת שֶּׁנּוֹתְנִין בּוֹ הַחֲגָבִים. וְשֶׁל קַיָיצִים שֶׁבּוֹ מְקַיְּצִין פֵּרוֹת טָהוֹר מִכְּלוּם לְפִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ מִמְּשַׁמְּשֵׁי אָדָם:
A leather garment made in the shape of a hand into which one inserts one's hand and fingers because of the cold and the like is called a firaklin (a glove). There are three types of gloves: a) one used by trappers of wild beasts and fowl; it is susceptible to midras impurity, because the trapper rests against it; b) one used to catch grasshoppers; it is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse, because the grasshoppers are placed inside of it; c) one of harvesters with which fruit is harvested; it is pure entirely, because it is not used for a purpose directly benefitting man.
שָׁלֹשׁ סְבָכוֹת הֵן. שֶׁל יַלְדָּה טְמֵאָה מִדְרָס. וְשֶׁל זְקֵנָה טְמֵאָה טְמֵא מֵת. וְשֶׁעוֹשִׂין לְשַׂחֵק בָּהּ לְשׁוֹתֵי שֵׁכָר טְהוֹרָה מִכְּלוּם לְפִי שֶׁאֵינָהּ מִמְּשַׁמְּשֵׁי אָדָם:
There are three types of hairnets: a) one worn by girls; it is susceptible to midras impurity; b) one worn by an older woman; it is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; c) one worn to entertain drinkers; it is pure entirely, because it is not used for a purpose directly benefitting man.
שְׁלֹשָׁה סַנְדָּלִין הֵן. שֶׁל אָדָם טָמֵא מִדְרָס. שֶׁל מַתָּכוֹת שֶׁל בְּהֵמָה טָמֵא טְמֵא מֵת. שֶׁל שַׁעַם וְשֶׁל צְפִירָה טְהוֹרָה מִכְּלוּם. כְּלָלוֹ שֶׁל דָּבָר כָּל כְּלִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לְמִשְׁכָּב אוֹ לְמֶרְכָּב אוֹ שֶׁהוּא רָאוּי וְלֹא נַעֲשָׂה [לְכָךְ] אֶלָּא לִמְלָאכָה אַחֶרֶת הֲרֵי הוּא טָהוֹר מִן הַמִּדְרָס. נַעֲשָׂה לִמְלָאכָה אַחֶרֶת וּמְשַׁמֵּשׁ עִמָּהּ אֶת הַיְשִׁיבָה כְּגוֹן הַטַּלִּית וְהָרְדִיד מִתְטַמֵּא בְּמִדְרָס. וְכָל הַמִּתְטַמֵּא בְּמִדְרָס מִתְטַמֵּא בְּמֵת וְיֵשׁ מִתְטַמֵּא בְּמֵת וְאֵינוֹ מִתְטַמֵּא בְּמִדְרָס כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ. וְכָל הַמִּתְטַמֵּא בְּמֵת מִתְטַמֵּא בִּשְׁאָר אֲבוֹת הַטֻּמְאוֹת בֵּין אָבוֹת שֶׁל תּוֹרָה בֵּין שֶׁל דִּבְרֵיהֶם וּמִתְטַמְּאִין בְּמַשְׁקִין:
There are three types of sandals: a) those worn by humans; they are susceptible to midras impurity; b) metal shoes for animals; they are susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; c) those made of cork or reeds; they are pure entirely. The general principle is: Any entity that is not fit to sit upon or to ride upon - or which could be used for those purposes, but was not made for those purposes, but for another reason - is not susceptible to midras impurity. If it was made for another purpose, but is also used for sitting, e.g., a cloak or a veil; it is susceptible to midras impurity. Whenever an article is susceptible to midras impurity; it is also susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse. There are, however, articles that are susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse, but are not susceptible to midras impurity, as we explained. Whenever an article is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; it is also susceptible to the other types of impurity, whether of Scriptural origin or of Rabbinic origin, and they are susceptible to impurity imparted by liquids.
שָׁלֹשׁ קֻפּוֹת הֵן. מְהוּהָה שֶׁטְּלָאָהּ עַל הַבְּרִיאָה הוֹלְכִין אַחַר הַבְּרִיאָה. קְטַנָּה עַל הַגְּדוֹלָה הוֹלְכִין אַחַר הַגְּדוֹלָה. הָיוּ שָׁווֹת הוֹלְכִין אַחַר הַפְּנִימִית. כֵּיצַד הוֹלְכִין אַחֲרֶיהָ. שֶׁאִם נִקְּבָה בְּמוֹצִיא רִמּוֹן שְׁתֵּיהֶן טְהוֹרוֹת:
There are three general principles applying to storage baskets: a) when a worn-out one is patched on to one that is intact, the status of the one that is intact determines the ruling; b) if a small one is patched on to a large one, the status of the large one determines the ruling; c) if they are equal in size, the status of the inner one determines the ruling. What is meant by saying: its status determines the ruling? That if it is perforated to the extent that a pomegranate would fall through it, they are both pure.
שְׁלֹשָׁה פִּנְקָסוֹת הֵן. הָאַפִּיפְיוֹרִין שֶׁמַּנִּיחִין עָלָיו הַסְּפָרִים טְמֵא מִדְרָס. וְשֶׁיֵּשׁ בּוֹ בֵּית קִבּוּל שַׁעֲוָה טָמֵא טְמֵא מֵת. חִלְּקָהּ טְהוֹרָה מִכְּלוּם לְפִי שֶׁאֵין עָלָיו צוּרַת כְּלִי וְאֵינוֹ רָאוּי לְמִדְרָס:
There are three types of tablets: a) one which scrolls are placed upon; it is susceptible to midras impurity; b) a writing tablet that has a receptacle for wax; it is susceptible to the impurity associated with a human corpse; c) those that are flat are entirely pure, because they do not have the form of a k'li and they are not fit to sit or lie upon.