Foundations of the Torah Chapter 8

משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ לֹא הֶאֱמִינוּ בּוֹ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִפְּנֵי הָאוֹתוֹת שֶׁעָשָׂה. שֶׁהַמַּאֲמִין עַל פִּי הָאוֹתוֹת יֵשׁ בְּלִבּוֹ דֹּפִי שֶׁאֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיַּעֲשֶׂה הָאוֹת בְּלָט וְכִשּׁוּף. אֶלָּא כָּל הָאוֹתוֹת שֶׁעָשָׂה משֶׁה בַּמִּדְבָּר לְפִי הַצֹּרֶךְ עֲשָׂאָם. לֹא לְהָבִיא רְאָיָה עַל הַנְּבוּאָה. הָיָה צָרִיךְ לְהַשְׁקִיעַ אֶת הַמִּצְרִיִּים קָרַע אֶת הַיָּם וְהִצְלִילָן בְּתוֹכוֹ. צָרַכְנוּ לְמָזוֹן הוֹרִיד לָנוּ אֶת הַמָּן. צָמְאוּ בָּקַע לָהֶן אֶת הָאֶבֶן. כָּפְרוּ בּוֹ עֲדַת קֹרַח בָּלְעָה אוֹתָן הָאָרֶץ. וְכֵן שְׁאָר כָּל הָאוֹתוֹת. וּבַמֶּה הֶאֱמִינוּ בּוֹ. בְּמַעֲמַד הַר סִינַי שֶׁעֵינֵינוּ רָאוּ וְלֹא זָר וְאָזְנֵינוּ שָׁמְעוּ וְלֹא אַחֵר הָאֵשׁ וְהַקּוֹלוֹת וְהַלַּפִּידִים וְהוּא נִגַּשׁ אֶל הָעֲרָפֶל וְהַקּוֹל מִדַּבֵּר אֵלָיו וְאָנוּ שׁוֹמְעִים משֶׁה משֶׁה לֵךְ אֱמֹר לָהֶן כָּךְ וְכָךְ. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים ה ד) "פָּנִים בְּפָנִים דִּבֶּר ה' עִמָּכֶם". וְנֶאֱמַר (דברים ה ג) "לֹא אֶת אֲבֹתֵינוּ כָּרַת ה' אֶת הַבְּרִית הַזֹּאת". וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁמַּעֲמַד הַר סִינַי לְבַדּוֹ הִיא הָרְאָיָה לִנְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁהִיא אֱמֶת שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ דֹּפִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות יט ט) "הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי בָּא אֵלֶיךָ בְּעַב הֶעָנָן בַּעֲבוּר יִשְׁמַע הָעָם בְּדַבְּרִי עִמָּךְ וְגַם בְּךָ יַאֲמִינוּ לְעוֹלָם". מִכְלַל שֶׁקֹּדֶם דָּבָר זֶה לֹא הֶאֱמִינוּ בּוֹ נֶאֱמָנוּת שֶׁהִיא עוֹמֶדֶת לְעוֹלָם אֶלָּא נֶאֱמָנוּת שֶׁיֵּשׁ אַחֲרֶיהָ הִרְהוּר וּמַחֲשָׁבָה:

Moshe, our teacher, was not believed in by the Jews because of the signs he performed. For one who believes [in anything] because of signs has a doubt in his heart - since it is possible that a sign was done through trickery and magic. Rather, all the signs that Moshe did in the desert, he did out of necessity; not to bring a proof about his prophecy: It was necessary to drown the Egyptians, [so] he split the sea, and he made them sink in it. We needed sustenance, [so] he brought down the manna [from the sky] for us. They were thirsty, [so] he split the stone for them [and water came forth] for them. The congregation of Korach denied [Moshe's authority, so] the earth swallowed them. And so [too], all the other signs. And because of what did they believe in him? Because of the stand at Mount Sinai - that which our eyes saw and not a stranger's, that which our ears heard and not another's - the fire, the thunder, the lightning, and then [Moshe] approached the fog and the voice [of G-d] spoke to him and we heard "Moshe, Moshe, go and say to them such and such." And so it states, (Deuteronomy 5:4) "Face to face did G-d speak with you"; and it states (Deuteronomy 5:3), "The Lord did not make this covenant with our fathers." And from where [do we know] that the stand at Mount Sinai alone is the proof to [Moshe's] prophecy that it is true without a doubt? For it states (Exodus 19:9), "Behold, I am coming to you in the thick cloud, in order that the nation will hear when I speak to you and also that they will believe in you forever." This implies that before this [event, the Jewish people] did not have a belief in [Moshe] that would stand forever, but rather it was a belief that [leaves] after it apprehension and [speculation].

נִמְצְאוּ אֵלּוּ שֶׁשׁוּלַּח לָהֶן הֵם הָעֵדִים עַל נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁהִיא אֱמֶת וְאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לַעֲשׂוֹת לָהֶן אוֹת אַחֵר. שֶׁהֵם וְהוּא עֵדִים בַּדָּבָר כִּשְׁנֵי עֵדִים שֶׁרָאוּ דָּבָר אֶחָד בְּיַחַד שֶׁכָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶן עֵד לַחֲבֵרוֹ שֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר אֱמֶת וְאֵין אֶחָד מֵהֶן צָרִיךְ לְהָבִיא רְאָיָה לַחֲבֵרוֹ. כָּךְ משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל עֵדִים לוֹ אַחַר מַעֲמַד הַר סִינַי וְאֵינוֹ צָרִיךְ לַעֲשׂוֹת לָהֶם אוֹת. וְזֶהוּ שֶׁאָמַר לוֹ לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא בִּתְחִלַּת נְבוּאָתוֹ בְּעֵת שֶׁנָּתַן לוֹ הָאוֹתוֹת לַעֲשׂוֹתָן בְּמִצְרַיִם וְאָמַר לוֹ (שמות ג יח) "וְשָׁמְעוּ לְקלֶךָ". יָדַע משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ שֶׁהַמַּאֲמִין עַל פִּי הָאוֹתוֹת יֵשׁ בִּלְבָבוֹ דֹּפִי וּמְהַרְהֵר וּמְחַשֵּׁב וְהָיָה נִשְׁמָט מִלֵּילֵךְ וְאָמַר (שמות ד א) "וְהֵן לֹא יַאֲמִינוּ לִי". עַד שֶׁהוֹדִיעוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁאֵלּוּ הָאוֹתוֹת אֵינָן אֶלָּא עַד שֶׁיֵּצְאוּ מִמִּצְרַיִם וְאַחַר שֶׁיֵּצְאוּ וְיַעַמְדוּ עַל הָהָר הַזֶּה יִסְתַּלֵּק הִרְהוּר שֶׁמְּהַרְהֲרִין אַחֲרֶיךָ שֶׁאֲנִי נוֹתֵן לְךָ כָּאן אוֹת שֶׁיֵּדְעוּ שֶׁאֲנִי שְׁלַחְתִּיךָ בֶּאֱמֶת מִתְּחִלָּה וְלֹא יִשָּׁאֵר בְּלִבָּם הִרְהוּר. וְהוּא שֶׁהַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר (שמות ג יב) "וְזֶה לְּךָ הָאוֹת כִּי אָנֹכִי שְׁלַחְתִּיךָ בְּהוֹצִיאֲךָ אֶת הָעָם מִמִּצְרַיִם תַּעַבְדוּן אֶת הָאֱלֹהִים עַל הָהָר הַזֶּה". נִמְצֵאתָ אוֹמֵר שֶׁכָּל נָבִיא שֶׁיַּעֲמֹד אַחַר משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ אֵין אָנוּ מַאֲמִינִים בּוֹ מִפְּנֵי הָאוֹת לְבַדּוֹ כְּדֵי שֶׁנֹּאמַר אִם יַעֲשֶׂה אוֹת נִשְׁמַע לוֹ לְכָל מַה שֶּׁיֹּאמַר. אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי הַמִּצְוָה שֶׁצִּוָּה משֶׁה בַּתּוֹרָה וְאָמַר אִם נָתַן אוֹת (דברים יח טו) "אֵלָיו תִּשְׁמָעוּן". כְּמוֹ שֶׁצִּוָּנוּ לַחְתֹּךְ הַדָּבָר עַל פִּי שְׁנַיִם עֵדִים וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין אָנוּ יוֹדְעִין אִם הֵעִידוּ אֱמֶת אִם שֶׁקֶר. כָּךְ מִצְוָה לִשְׁמֹעַ מִזֶּה הַנָּבִיא אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵין אָנוּ יוֹדְעִים אִם הָאוֹת אֱמֶת אוֹ בְּכִשּׁוּף וְלָט:

What emerges is that [the Jewish people that Moshe] was sent to, were witnesses to his prophecy - that it was true. And [so] he did not need to perform another sign for them. For both he and they were witnesses to the matter; similar to two witnesses that see an occurrence together - that each one of them are witnesses that the other is speaking the truth and neither of them have to bring proof to his fellow. So was Moshe, our teacher; all of the Jewish people were witnesses to him after the revelation at Mount Sinai, and he did not need to perform a sign for them. This is what the Holy One, blessed be He, said to him at beginning of his prophecy, at the time [G-d] gave him the signs that he was to perform in Egypt: And He said (Exodus 3:18), "And they will listen to your voice." Moshe, our teacher, knew that one who believes because of a sign has doubt and is apprehensive and suspects in his heart. And he [attempted to] evade going, saying (Exodus 4:1), "And behold, they will not believe me," until the Holy One, blessed be He, informed him that these signs are only until the exodus from Egypt. And after they leave and stand at this mountain, the apprehension that they have about you will be removed; for I will give you a sign here that they will know that I truly sent you from the beginning, and there will not remain in their hearts any apprehension. This is what the verse [means] when it says (Exodus 3:12), "and this will be for you a sign that I sent you, when you take out the nation from Egypt you will worship G-d on this mountain." The statement emerges that we do not believe every prophet that arose after Moshe, our teacher, solely because of the sign; so that it would be said, "If he performs a sign then we will heed anything he says." Rather, it is because of the commandment that Moshe commanded in the Torah and said, "If he gave a sign, 'to him you shall listen' (Deuteronomy 18:15)." [This can be] compared to the commandment that we decide a case by the [testimony] of two witnesses, even though we do not know if they testified truly or falsely. So [too], it is a commandment to listen to this prophet [that has a sign], even though we do not know if the sign is true or magic and trickery.

לְפִיכָךְ אִם עָמַד הַנָּבִיא וְעָשָׂה אוֹתוֹת וּמוֹפְתִים גְּדוֹלִים וּבִקֵּשׁ לְהַכְחִישׁ נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ אֵין שׁוֹמְעִין לוֹ וְאָנוּ יוֹדְעִין בְּבֵאוּר שֶׁאוֹתָן הָאוֹתוֹת בְּלָט וְכִשּׁוּף הֵן. לְפִי שֶׁנְּבוּאַת משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ אֵינָהּ עַל פִּי הָאוֹתוֹת כְּדֵי שֶׁנַּעֲרֹךְ אוֹתוֹת זֶה לְאוֹתוֹת זֶה. אֶלָּא בְּעֵינֵינוּ רְאִינוּהָ וּבְאָזְנֵינוּ שְׁמַעֲנוּהָ כְּמוֹ שֶׁשָּׁמַע הוּא. הָא לְמָה הַדָּבָר דּוֹמֶה לְעֵדִים שֶׁהֵעִידוּ לָאָדָם עַל דָּבָר שֶׁרָאָה בְּעֵינָיו שֶׁאֵינוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁרָאָה שֶׁאֵינוֹ שׁוֹמֵעַ לָהֶן אֶלָּא יוֹדֵעַ בְּוַדַּאי שֶׁהֵן עֵדֵי שֶׁקֶר. לְפִיכָךְ אָמְרָה תּוֹרָה שֶׁאִם בָּא הָאוֹת וְהַמּוֹפֵת (דברים יג ד) "לֹא תִּשְׁמַע אֶל דִּבְרֵי הַנָּבִיא הַהוּא". שֶׁהֲרֵי זֶה בָּא אֵלֶיךָ בְּאוֹת וּמוֹפֵת לְהַכְחִישׁ מַה שֶּׁרָאִיתָ בְּעֵינֶיךָ וְהוֹאִיל וְאֵין אָנוּ מַאֲמִינִים בְּמוֹפֵת אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי הַמִּצְוֹת שֶׁצִּוָּנוּ משֶׁה הֵיאַךְ נְקַבֵּל מֵאוֹת זֶה שֶׁבָּא לְהַכְחִישׁ נְבוּאָתוֹ שֶׁל משֶׁה שֶׁרָאִינוּ וְשֶׁשָּׁמַעְנוּ:

Therefore, if a prophet arises and performs great signs and wonders and seeks to contradict the prophecy of Moshe, our teacher, we do not heed him, and we know clearly that those signs [were performed with] trickery and magic. For, the prophecy of Moshe, our teacher, is not [based] on the signs [he performed], in order that we could [compare] this sign to another [prophet's] sign. Rather, we saw with our eyes and heard with our ears like [Moshe] heard. What is this [false prophet] similar to? To witnesses that testify to a man concerning something that he saw with his own eyes, [but they claim to have] seen something different than what he saw. [And so] he does not heed them, but rather knows with certainty that these are false witnesses. Therefore, the Torah states that [even] if the signs and wonders come [true], "You shall not heed the words of this prophet" (Deuteronomy 13:4), as behold, this [false prophet] is coming with signs and wonders to contradict something that you have seen with your own eyes. And since we only believe in wonders because of the commandments that Moshe commanded us, how can we accept this sign that is being brought to contradict the prophecy of Moshe that we saw and we heard?