Oaths Chapter 2

אֶחָד הַנִּשְׁבָּע אֶחָד מֵאַרְבָּעָה מִינֵי שְׁבוּעוֹת אֵלּוּ מִפִּי עַצְמוֹ. וְאֶחָד הַמֻּשְׁבָּע מִפִּי אֲחֵרִים וְעָנָה אָמֵן. אֲפִלּוּ הִשְׁבִּיעוֹ עַכּוּ"ם אוֹ קָטָן וְעָנָה אָמֵן חַיָּב. שֶׁכָּל הָעוֹנֶה אָמֵן אַחַר שְׁבוּעָה כְּמוֹצִיא שְׁבוּעָה מִפִּיו. וְאֶחָד הָעוֹנֶה אָמֵן אוֹ הָאוֹמֵר דָּבָר שֶׁעִנְיָנוֹ כְּעִנְיַן אָמֵן. כְּגוֹן שֶׁאָמַר הֵן אוֹ מְחֻיָּב אֲנִי בִּשְׁבוּעָה זוֹ. קִבַּלְתִּי עָלַי שְׁבוּעָה זוֹ. וְכָל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה בְּכָל לָשׁוֹן הֲרֵי זֶה כְּנִשְׁבָּע לְכָל דָּבָר בֵּין לְחַיְּבוֹ מַלְקוֹת בֵּין לְחַיְּבוֹ קָרְבָּן:

Whether one takes one of these four oaths [falsely] on his own initiative or he is placed under oath by another person and answers Amen to his statements, he is liable. [This applies] even if he is placed under oath by a gentile or a minor and responds Amen. [The rationale is that] anyone who responds Amen or makes a statement equivalent to responding Amen, e.g., he says "Yes," "I am obligated in this oath," "I accept this oath upon myself," or the like in any language is considered to have taken an oath with regard to all matter, whether it be liability for lashes or for a sacrifice.

אֶחָד הַנִּשְׁבָּע. אוֹ שֶׁהִשְׁבִּיעוֹ אַחֵר בַּשֵּׁם הַמְיֻחָד. אוֹ בְּאֶחָד מִן הַכִּנּוּיִין כְּגוֹן שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּע בְּמִי שֶׁשְּׁמוֹ חַנּוּן וּבְמִי שֶׁשְּׁמוֹ רַחוּם וּבְמִי שֶׁשְּׁמוֹ אֶרֶךְ אַפַּיִם. וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן בְּכָל לָשׁוֹן הֲרֵי זוֹ שְׁבוּעָה גְּמוּרָה. וְכֵן אָלָה וְאָרוּר הֲרֵי הֵן שְׁבוּעָה. וְהוּא שֶׁיַּזְכִּיר שֵׁם מִן הַשֵּׁמוֹת אוֹ כִּנּוּי מִן הַכִּנּוּיִין. כֵּיצַד. כְּגוֹן שֶׁאָמַר בְּאָלָה אוֹ אָרוּר לַה'. אוֹ לְמִי שֶׁשְּׁמוֹ חַנּוּן. אוֹ לְמִי שֶׁשְּׁמוֹ רַחוּם. מִי שֶׁיֹּאכַל דָּבָר פְּלוֹנִי וַאֲכָלוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה נִשְׁבַּע לַשֶּׁקֶר. וְכֵן בִּשְׁאָר מִינֵי שְׁבוּעוֹת:

[The same laws apply whether] one took an oath - or another person administered an oath to him - with G-d's ineffable name - or with one of the descriptive terms used to refer to Him, e.g., he took an oath "on He whose name is Gracious," "on He whose name is Merciful," or "on He whose name is Patient," regardless of the language he used. The statement is considered an oath in the full sense of the term. Similarly, a statement with the terms eleh or erur is considered as an oath, provided one mentions one of G-d's names or one of the terms used to describe Him. What is implied? When a person said: "May one who eats this-and-this entity be cursed unto G-d," or "...cursed unto He whose name is Gracious," "...cursed unto He whose name is Merciful" and then ate that entity, he has taken a false oath. Similar concepts apply with regard to the other types of oaths.

וְכֵן הָאוֹמֵר שְׁבוּעָה בַּה' אוֹ בְּמִי שֶׁשְּׁמוֹ חַנּוּן שֶׁלֹּא אֹכַל וְאָכַל. שֶׁזּוֹ אִשָּׁה וְהוּא אִישׁ. שֶׁאֵין לְךָ בְּיָדִי כְּלוּם וְיֵשׁ לוֹ. שֶׁאֵינִי יוֹדֵעַ לְךָ עֵדוּת וְהוּא יוֹדֵעַ. הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב:

Similarly, one who says: "[I am taking] an oath by G-d...," or "...by One whose name is Gracious that I will not eat," and he ate, "...that this is a woman," and it was a man, "...that I do not owe you anything," and he does, "that I do not know any testimony involving you," and he does, he is liable.

אָמַר אָלָה אוֹ אָרוּר אוֹ שְׁבוּעָה וְלֹא הִזְכִּיר שֵׁם וְלֹא כִּנּוּי הֲרֵי זֶה אָסוּר בַּדָּבָר שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּע עָלָיו. אֲבָל אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה וְלֹא מֵבִיא קָרְבָּן אִם עָבַר עַל שְׁבוּעָתוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה בָּהּ שֵׁם מִן הַשֵּׁמוֹת הַמְּיֻחָדִים אוֹ כִּנּוּי מִן הַכִּנּוּיִין כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ:

If a person uses the term eleh or erur or an oath and does not mention G-d's name or a term describing Him, he is bound by a prohibition with regard to the entity concerning which he [desired to] take the oath. He is not, however, liable for lashes or for a sacrifice if he violated his oath unless it included one of G-d's names or a term describing Him as explained.

וְלֹא הַשְּׁבוּעָה בִּלְבַד אֶלָּא כָּל כִּנּוּיֵי שְׁבוּעָה כִּשְׁבוּעָה. כְּגוֹן שֶׁהָיוּ אַנְשֵׁי אוֹתוֹ מָקוֹם עִלְּגִים וְהָיוּ קוֹרְאִים לִשְׁבוּעָה שְׁבוּתָהּ אוֹ שְׁקוּקָה. אוֹ שֶׁהָיוּ אֲרַמִּיִּים שֶׁלְּשׁוֹן שְׁבוּעָה בִּלְשׁוֹנָם מוֹמְתָא. וְהָעִלְּגִים מְכַנִּין אוֹתָהּ וְאוֹמְרִים מוֹהָא. כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמַר לָשׁוֹן שֶׁמַּשְׁמָעוֹ וְעִנְיָנוֹ שְׁבוּעָה הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב כְּמִי שֶׁהוֹצִיא לְשׁוֹן שְׁבוּעָה:

Not only the term sh'vuah, but [the use of] any idiom used to refer to an oath is considered as [taking] an oath. For example, people in a given place were inarticulate and would call an oath shabutah or shakukah, or they were Aramites for whom the term for oath in their language is momata, and the inarticulate idiomatically refer to it is mohah. When a person makes a statement whose intent and meaning is that he is taking an oath, he is liable as if he used the term [in Lashon Hakodesh].

וְכֵן הָאוֹמֵר לָאו לָאו שְׁתֵּי פְּעָמִים דֶּרֶךְ שְׁבוּעָה אוֹ הֵן הֵן וְהִזְכִּיר שֵׁם אוֹ כִּנּוּי הֲרֵי זֶה כְּנִשְׁבָּע. וְכֵן יָמִין שְׁבוּעָה. וּשְׂמֹאל שְׁבוּעָה. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה סב ח) "נִשְׁבַּע ה' בִּימִינוֹ וּבִזְרוֹעַ עֻזּוֹ". וְכֵן הָאוֹמֵר מִבְטָא שֶׁלֹּא אֶעֱשֶׂה כָּךְ וְכָךְ וְהִזְכִּיר שֵׁם אוֹ כִּנּוּי הֲרֵי זוֹ שְׁבוּעָה:

Similarly, when a person says: "No, no," repeating the negative twice as if he is taking an oath or "Yes, yes," and mentions G-d's name or a term used to describe Him, it is considered an oath. Similarly, if he says: "[By G-d's] right hand," it is an oath, or "[By G-d's] left hand," it is an oath, as [implied by Isaiah 62:5] "G-d swore by His right hand and by the arm of His strength." Similarly, when someone says "Mivtah that I will not do such-and-such," and mentions G-d's name or a term used to describe Him, it is considered an oath.

אָמַר אִסָּר לַה' אוֹ לְמִי שֶׁשְּׁמוֹ חַנּוּן שֶׁאֶעֱשֶׂה אוֹ שֶׁלֹּא אֶעֱשֶׂה הוֹאִיל וְהוֹצִיאוֹ בִּלְשׁוֹן שְׁבוּעָה הֲרֵי הִיא כִּשְׁבוּעָה:

When one says: "It is forbidden for G-d's [sake]" or "...for [the sake of] He whose name is Gracious that I will do..." or "...that I will not do [such-and-such]," it is considered an oath, because the wording he used has that implication.

שָׁמַע חֲבֵרוֹ נִשְׁבָּע וְאָמַר וַאֲנִי כְּמוֹתְךָ הוֹאִיל וְלֹא הוֹצִיא שְׁבוּעָה מִפִּיו וְלֹא הִשְׁבִּיעוֹ חֲבֵרוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה פָּטוּר. וְזֶהוּ מַתְפִּיס בִּשְׁבוּעָה שֶׁהוּא פָּטוּר:

If he heard his colleague take an oath and said: "I am like him," he is not liable, for he did not utter an oath, nor did his colleague administer an oath to him. This is "appending" to an oath for which one is not liable.

וְכֵן אִם נִשְׁבַּע שֶׁלֹּא אֹכַל בָּשָׂר זֶה. וְחָזַר וְאָמַר וַהֲרֵי הַפַּת זוֹ כַּבָּשָׂר הַזֶּה הֲרֵי הוּא פָּטוּר עַל הַפַּת. שֶׁהֲרֵי לֹא הוֹצִיא שְׁבוּעָה מִפִּיו עָלֶיהָ אֶלָּא הִתְפִּיסָהּ. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא פָּטוּר מִן הַמַּלְקוֹת אוֹ מִן הַקָּרְבָּן אָסוּר לוֹ לֶאֱכל אוֹתָהּ הַפַּת שֶׁהִתְפִּיס בִּשְׁבוּעָה:

Similarly, if he took an oath and said: "I will not eat this meat," and then said: "This bread is like this meat," he is not liable for the bread, because he did not explicitly take an oath regarding it. Instead, he appended [the prohibition concerning it to his existing oath]. Although he is exempt from lashes and from a sacrifice, he is forbidden to partake of the bread that he appended to his oath.

מִי שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּן לִשְׁבוּעָה וְגָמַר בְּלִבּוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יֹאכַל הַיּוֹם אוֹ שֶׁלֹּא יִשְׁתֶּה וְשֶׁדָּבָר זֶה אָסוּר עָלָיו בִּשְׁבוּעָה וְלֹא הוֹצִיא בִשְׂפָתָיו הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ה ד) "לְבַטֵּא בִּשְׂפָתַיִם". אֵין הַנִּשְׁבָּע חַיָּב עַד שֶׁיּוֹצִיא עִנְיַן שְׁבוּעָה בִּשְׂפָתָיו:

[Although] a person has the intent to take an oath and resolves in his heart not to eat on that day or not to drink and has the intent for that activity to be forbidden for him by oath, [if] he does not actually make such a statement, he is permitted [to eat or drink], as [implied by Leviticus 5:4]: "expressing with his lips." [Implied is that] a person who takes an oath is not liable until he explicitly states the matter the oath concerns with his lips.

וְכֵן אִם גָּמַר בְּלִבּוֹ לְהִשָּׁבַע וְטָעָה וְהוֹצִיא בִּשְׂפָתָיו דָּבָר שֶׁלֹּא הָיָה בְּלִבּוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר. כֵּיצַד. הַמִּתְכַּוִּן לְהִשָּׁבַע שֶׁלֹּא יֹאכַל אֵצֶל רְאוּבֵן וּכְשֶׁבָּא לְהוֹצִיא שְׁבוּעָה נִשְׁבַּע שֶׁלֹּא יֹאכַל אֵצֶל שִׁמְעוֹן. הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר לֶאֱכל עִם רְאוּבֵן שֶׁהֲרֵי לֹא הוֹצִיאוֹ בִּשְׂפָתָיו. וְעִם שִׁמְעוֹן שֶׁהֲרֵי לֹא הָיָה שִׁמְעוֹן בְּלִבּוֹ:

Similarly, if he resolved within his heart to take an oath and erred and uttered a statement that did not fit the intent in his heart, [the activity] is permitted. What is implied? A person had the intent that he would not eat in Reuven's [home], but when he actually came to state the oath explicitly, he swore not to eat in [Shimon's] home. [In such a situation,] he is permitted to eat in Reuven's [home] for he did not explicitly [swear not to eat there]. [And he is permitted to eat] in Shimon's [home] for he did not have the intent [to prohibit that].

וְכֵן שְׁאָר מִינֵי שְׁבוּעוֹת אֵינוֹ חַיָּב עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה פִּיו וְלִבּוֹ שָׁוִין. לְפִיכָךְ אִם נִשְׁבַּע אֶחָד בְּפָנֵינוּ שֶׁלֹּא יֹאכַל הַיּוֹם וְאָכַל. וְהִתְרוּ בּוֹ וְאָמַר אֲנִי לֹא הָיָה בְּלִבִּי אֶלָּא שֶׁלֹּא אֵצֵא הַיּוֹם וְטָעָה לְשׁוֹנִי וְהוֹצִיא אֲכִילָה שֶׁלֹּא הָיְתָה בְּלִבִּי הֲרֵי זֶה אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה. עַד שֶׁיּוֹדֶה בִּפְנֵי עֵדִים קֹדֶם שֶׁיֹּאכַל שֶׁעַל אֲכִילָה נִשְׁבַּע. אוֹ שֶׁקִּבֵּל עָלָיו הַתְרָאָה וְלֹא טָעַן שֶׁטָּעָה בְּעֵת הַתְרָאָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁטָּעַן אַחַר כָּךְ אֵין שׁוֹמְעִין לוֹ. וְכֵן אִם הִתְרוּ בּוֹ וְאָמַר מֵעוֹלָם לֹא נִשְׁבַּעְתִּי אוֹ לֹא נָדַרְתִּי אֶלָּא עַל דָּבָר זֶה וְאַחַר שֶׁהֵעִידוּ עָלָיו שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּע אוֹ נָדַר אָמַר כֵּן הָיָה אֲבָל לֹא הָיָה פִּי וְלִבִּי שָׁוִין אוֹ תְּנַאי הָיָה בְּלִבִּי עַל הַנֵּדֶר אֵין שׁוֹמְעִין לוֹ וְלוֹקֶה:

Similarly, with regard to the other types of oaths, one is not liable until his mouth and his heart are in concord. Therefore [the following law applies if] a person took an oath in our presence that he would not eat and ate. He was given a warning [before he ate] and he responded: "My intent was that I would not depart today. I had a slip of the tongue and mentioned eating although that was not my intent." is not liable for lashes unless, before he eats, he admits in the presence of witnesses that [his intent in] taking the oath was [not] to eat. Alternatively, [he is liable for lashes] if he accepted the warning and did not protest that he erred at the time of the warning. Even though he protested afterwards, we do not pay attention to him. Similarly, [he is liable] if they warned him and he said: "I never took an oath - or a vow - concerning this matter." Despite the fact that after they give testimony that he took an oath or vow, he says: "Yes, that is true, but my mouth and heart were not in concord," or "In my heart, I had a stipulation in mind concerning the vow," we do not heed him and he is liable for lashes.

כַּיּוֹצֵא בּוֹ אָמְרוּ לוֹ אִשְׁתְּךָ נָדְרָה. וְאָמַר בְּלִבִּי הָיָה לְהָפֵר לָהּ וְהֵפַרְתִּי שׁוֹמְעִין לוֹ. אָמְרוּ לוֹ נָדְרָה וְהוּא אוֹמֵר לֹא נָדְרָה וְכֵיוָן שֶׁרָאָה אוֹתָם הֵעִידוּ עָלָיו אָמַר בְּלִבִּי הָיָה לְהָפֵר אֵין שׁוֹמְעִין לוֹ:

Similarly, if [witnesses] told him: "Your wife took a vow," and he said: "My intent was to nullify the vow and I did so," we heed his statements. If he is told, "She took a vow," and he denies it, but when he saw them testify against him, he said: "My intent was to nullify [the vow]," his word is not heeded.

גָּמַר בְּלִבּוֹ שֶׁלֹּא לֶאֱכל פַּת חִטִּין וְנִשְׁבַּע שֶׁלֹּא יֹאכַל פַּת סְתָם אָסוּר בְּפַת חִטִּים שֶׁפַּת חִטִּים פַּת שְׁמָהּ:

If he resolved within his heart not to partake of bread made from wheat, but took an oath not to partake of bread without qualifying his statement, he is forbidden to partake of bread from wheat. For when bread [is mentioned without qualification, the meaning] is bread from wheat.

מִי שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּע וְאָמַר שְׁבוּעָה שֶׁלֹּא אֹכַל הַיּוֹם וְעַל דַּעְתְּכֶם אֲנִי נִשְׁבָּע. אֵין זֶה יָכוֹל לוֹמַר כָּךְ וְכָךְ הָיָה בְּלִבִּי. שֶׁלֹּא נִשְׁבַּע זֶה עַל דַּעְתּוֹ אֶלָּא עַל דַּעַת אֲחֵרִים וְכֵיוָן שֶׁהָיָה פִּיו וְלִבָּם שֶׁל אֲחֵרִים שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּע עַל דַּעְתָּם שָׁוִים חַיָּב מִפְּנֵי שֶׁלִּבָּם שֶׁל אֵלּוּ בִּמְקוֹם לִבּוֹ קָם. וְכֵן בִּשְׁאָר מִינֵי שְׁבוּעוֹת:

When a person takes an oath, saying: "[I am taking] an oath that I will not eat today and my oath is dependent on your intent," he cannot [later] say: "I had these-and-these thoughts in my heart." [The rationale is] that the person did not take the oath dependent on his own intent, but rather on the intent of others. Since his statements did concur with the intent of those on whose intent he took the oath he is liable. [The intent in] the heart of those individuals takes the place of his own intent. [This concept also applies] with regard to other types of oaths.

לְפִיכָךְ כְּשֶׁמַּשְׁבִּיעִין הַדַּיָּנִין אֶת הַנִּשְׁבָּע אוֹמְרִים לוֹ לֹא עַל דַּעְתְּךָ אָנוּ מַשְׁבִּיעִים אוֹתְךָ אֶלָּא עַל דַּעְתֵּנוּ:

Therefore when judges administer an oath to a person, they tell him: "We are not administering the oath dependent on your intent, but dependent on our intent.

מִי שֶׁנִּשְׁבַּע וְהָיָה פִּיו וְלִבּוֹ שָׁוִין בִּשְׁבוּעָה. וְאַחַר שֶׁנֶּאֱסַר חָזַר בּוֹ מִיָּד בְּתוֹךְ כְּדֵי דִּבּוּר וְהוּא כְּדֵי שֶּׁיֹּאמַר תַּלְמִיד לְרַב שָׁלוֹם עָלֶיךָ רַבִּי. וְאָמַר אֵין זוֹ שְׁבוּעָה אוֹ נִחַמְתִּי אוֹ חָזַרְתִּי בִּי וְכַיּוֹצֵא בִּדְבָרִים אֵלּוּ שֶׁעִנְיָנָם שֶׁהִתִּיר מַה שֶּׁאָסַר הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר וְנֶעֶקְרָה הַשְּׁבוּעָה שֶׁזֶּה דּוֹמֶה לְטוֹעֶה:

[The following law applies when a person] took an oath and his statements and his intent concurred at the time he took the oath, but after he becomes forbidden [in the particular activity mentioned in the oath], he changes his mind immediately, directly after he spoke. [The latter term has a specific halachic definition]: the time it takes a student to tell his teacher: Shalom Elecha Rabbi. [If, in this interim, the person says:] "This is not an oath," "I changed my mind," "I retract," or the like, i.e., statements that imply that he seeks to release the prohibition he took on [himself], it is permitted. The oath is eradicated, for this resembles one who made a statement in error.

וְכֵן אִם אָמְרוּ לוֹ אֲחֵרִים חֲזֹר בְּךָ אוֹ מֻתָּר לְךָ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בִּדְבָרִים אֵלּוּ וְקִבֵּל מֵהֶן בְּתוֹךְ כְּדֵי דִּבּוּר וְאָמַר הֵן אוֹ חָזַרְתִּי בִּי וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה הֲרֵי זֶה מֻתָּר. וְאִם אַחַר כְּדֵי דִּבּוּר אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַחְזֹר בּוֹ:

Similarly, if others tell him: "Retract," "It is permitted for you," or the like and he accepts their view within the above measure of time by saying: "Yes," or "I retract," he is permitted. After this measure of time, he cannot retract.

נִשְׁבַּע וְחָזַר בּוֹ בְּתוֹךְ כְּדֵי דִּבּוּר בְּלִבּוֹ אֵין זֶה כְּלוּם. וְכֵן אִם אָמְרוּ לוֹ אֲחֵרִים חֲזֹר בְּךָ אוֹ מֻתָּר לְךָ אוֹ מָחוּל לְךָ וְקִבֵּל דִּבְרֵיהֶם בְּלִבּוֹ בְּתוֹךְ כְּדֵי דִּבּוּר אֵין זֶה כְּלוּם עַד שֶׁיּוֹצִיא הַחֲזָרָה בְּפִיו כְּמוֹ הַשְּׁבוּעָה:

If a person took an oath and retracted within his heart within the above measure of time, it is of no consequence. Similarly, if others told him: "Retract," "It is permitted for you," or "It is absolved for you," and he accepted their words in his heart within the above measure of time, it is of no consequence. He must state his retraction explicitly like his oath.