Human Dispositions Chapter 5

כְּשֵׁם שֶׁהֶחָכָם נִכָּר בְּחָכְמָתוֹ וּבְדֵעוֹתָיו וְהוּא מֻבְדָּל בָּהֶם מִשְּׁאָר הָעָם. כָּךְ צָרִיךְ שֶׁיִּהְיֶה נִכָּר בְּמַעֲשָׂיו בְּמַאֲכָלוֹ וּבְמַשְׁקֵהוּ וּבִבְעִילָתוֹ וּבַעֲשִׂיַּת צְרָכָיו וּבְדִבּוּרוֹ וּבְהִלּוּכוֹ וּבְמַלְבּוּשׁוֹ וּבְכִלְכּוּל דְּבָרָיו וּבְמַשָּׂאוֹ וּבְמַתָּנוֹ. וְיִהְיוּ כָּל הַמַּעֲשִׂים הָאֵלּוּ נָאִים וּמְתֻקָּנִים בְּיוֹתֵר. כֵּיצַד. תַּלְמִיד חָכָם לֹא יִהְיֶה גַּרְגְּרָן אֶלָּא אוֹכֵל מַאֲכָל הָרָאוּי לְהַבְרוֹת גּוּפוֹ. וְלֹא יֹאכַל מִמֶּנּוּ אֲכִילָה גַּסָּה. וְלֹא יְהֵא רוֹדֵף לְמַלְּאֹת בִּטְנוֹ כְּאֵלּוּ שֶׁמִּתְמַלְּאִין מִמַּאֲכָל וּמִשְׁתֶּה עַד שֶׁתִּפַּח כְּרֵסָם. וַעֲלֵיהֶם מְפֹרָשׁ בַּקַּבָּלָה (מלאכי ב ג) "וְזֵרִיתִי פֶרֶשׁ עַל פְּנֵיכֶם". אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים אֵלּוּ בְּנֵי אָדָם שֶׁאוֹכְלִין וְשׁוֹתִין וְעוֹשִׂין כָּל יְמֵיהֶם כְּחַגִּים. וְהֵם הָאוֹמְרִים (ישעיה כב יג) "אָכוֹל וְשָׁתֹה כִּי מָחָר נָמוּת". וְזֶהוּ מַאֲכַל הָרְשָׁעִים. וְשֻׁלְחָנוֹת אֵלּוּ הֵם שֶׁגִּנָּה הַכָּתוּב וְאָמַר (ישעיה כח ח) "כִּי כָּל שֻׁלְחָנוֹת מָלְאוּ קִיא צֹאָה בְּלִי מָקוֹם". אֲבָל הֶחָכָם אֵינוֹ אוֹכֵל אֶלָּא תַּבְשִׁיל אֶחָד אוֹ שְׁנַיִם וְאוֹכֵל מִמֶּנּוּ כְּדֵי חַיָּיו וְדַּיּוֹ. הוּא שֶׁאָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה (משלי יג כה) "צַדִּיק אֹכֵל לְשֹׂבַע נַפְשׁוֹ":

Just as a wise man is recognizable by his wisdom and dispositions, and distinguished by them from the rest of the people, so [too] does he need to be recognizable in his eating, in his drinking, in his sexual relations, in his taking care of his needs, in his speech, in his walking, in his clothing, in the maintenance of his things, and in his business dealings. And all of these activities should be especially nice and proper. How is this? A Torah scholar should not be a glutton, but should eat food that is fitting for his body's health. And he should not overeat of it. And he should not run after stuffing his belly like those who stuff themselves with food and drink until their stomachs burst. And about them it is explicit in the tradition, "and I will spread dung upon your faces" (Malachi 2:3). The sages said (Shabbat 151a) that these are people who eat and drink and make all of their days like holidays. And they are the ones that say, "Eat and drink, for tomorrow we die." And this is the eating of the wicked. And these tables are the ones that Scripture condemned and said, "As all tables are filled with vomit and filth, with no space" (Isaiah 28:8). But the wise man only eats one or two dishes and eats of it enough for his living and that is enough for him. This is what Solomon meant by "A righteous one eats to satisfy his soul" (Proverbs 13:25).

כְּשֶׁהֶחָכָם אוֹכֵל מְעַט זֶה הָרָאוּי לוֹ לֹא יֹאכְלֶנּוּ אֶלָּא בְּבֵיתוֹ עַל שֻׁלְחָנוֹ. וְלֹא יֹאכַל בַּחֲנוּת וְלֹא בַּשּׁוּק אֶלָּא מִפְּנֵי צֹרֶךְ גָּדוֹל. כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִתְגַּנֶּה בִּפְנֵי הַבְּרִיּוֹת. וְלֹא יֹאכַל אֵצֶל עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ וְלֹא עַל אוֹתָן הַשֻּׁלְחָנוֹת הַמְּלֵאִים קִיא צוֹאָה. וְלֹא יַרְבֶּה סְעֻדּוֹתָיו בְּכָל מָקוֹם וַאֲפִלּוּ עִם הַחֲכָמִים. וְלֹא יֹאכַל בִּסְעֻדּוֹת שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶן קִבּוּץ הַרְבֵּה. וְאֵין רָאוּי לוֹ לֶאֱכל אֶלָּא בִּסְעֻדָּה שֶׁל מִצְוָה בִּלְבַד כְּגוֹן סְעֻדַּת אֵרוּסִין וְנִשּׂוּאִין. וְהוּא שֶׁיִּהְיֶה תַּלְמִיד חָכָם שֶׁנָּשָׂא בַּת תַּלְמִיד חָכָם. וְהַצַּדִּיקִים וְהַחֲסִידִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים לֹא אָכְלוּ מִסְּעֻדָּה שֶׁאֵינָהּ שֶׁלָּהֶן:

When a wise person eats the little that is appropriate for him, he should only dine in his home, at his table. And he should only eat in a shop or in the marketplace because of a great need, so that he not be degraded in front of [the people]. And he should not dine with ignoramuses, nor at those tables which are "full of filth and vomit." And he should not have many meals all over the place, even together with the wise, nor should he eat at meals which have large gatherings. And it's only appropriate for him to eat at a meal [outside of his home] that is related to a commandment, such as an engagement or wedding feast, and that is when a Torah scholar is marrying the daughter of [another] Torah scholar. And the early righteous and pious people did not eat from any meal which was not theirs.

כְּשֶׁהֶחָכָם שׁוֹתֶה יַיִן אֵינוֹ שׁוֹתֶה אֶלָּא כְּדֵי לִשְׁרוֹת אֲכִילָה שֶׁבְּמֵעָיו. וְכָל הַמִּשְׁתַּכֵּר הֲרֵי זֶה חוֹטֵא וּמְגֻנֶּה וּמַפְסִיד חָכְמָתוֹ. וְאִם נִשְׁתַּכֵּר בִּפְנֵי עַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ הֲרֵי זֶה חִלֵּל אֶת הַשֵּׁם. וְאָסוּר לִשְׁתּוֹת יַיִן בַּצָּהֳרַיִם וַאֲפִלּוּ מְעַט אֶלָּא אִם הָיָה בִּכְלַל הָאֲכִילָה. שֶׁהַשְּׁתִיָּה שֶׁהִיא בִּכְלַל הָאֲכִילָה אֵינָהּ מְשַׁכֶּרֶת. וְאֵין נִזְהָרִין אֶלָּא מִיַּיִן שֶׁלְּאַחַר הַמָּזוֹן:

When the wise man drinks wine, he only drinks in order to moisturize the food in his intestines. And anyone who gets drunk - behold, he is a sinner and degraded and loses his wisdom. And if he gets drunk before ignoramuses, behold, he has profaned the name [of G-d]. And it is prohibited to drink wine in the afternoon - even a little - unless it was part of the [meal]; for drinking as part of the [meal] does not get one drunk, and [so] we are only warned about wine that [comes] after the meal.

אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאִשְׁתּוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם מֻתֶּרֶת לוֹ תָּמִיד. רָאוּי לוֹ לְתַלְמִיד חָכָם שֶׁיַּנְהִיג עַצְמוֹ בִּקְדֻשָּׁה וְלֹא יְהֵא מָצוּי אֵצֶל אִשְׁתּוֹ כְּתַרְנְגוֹל אֶלָּא מִלֵּילֵי שַׁבָּת לְלֵילֵי שַׁבָּת אִם יֵשׁ בּוֹ כֹּחַ. וּכְשֶׁהוּא מְסַפֵּר עִמָּהּ לֹא יְסַפֵּר בִּתְחִלַּת הַלַּיְלָה כְּשֶׁהוּא שָׂבֵעַ וּבִטְנוֹ מָלֵא. וְלֹא בְּסוֹף הַלַּיְלָה כְּשֶׁהוּא רָעֵב. אֶלָּא בְּאֶמְצַע הַלַּיְלָה כְּשֶׁיִּתְעַכֵּל הַמָּזוֹן שֶׁבְּמֵעָיו. וְלֹא יָקֵל בְּרֹאשׁוֹ בְּיוֹתֵר וְלֹא יְנַבֵּל אֶת פִּיו בְּדִבְרֵי הֲבַאי וַאֲפִלּוּ בֵּינוֹ לְבֵינָהּ. הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר בְּקַבָּלָה מַגִּיד לְאָדָם מַה שֵּׂחוֹ. אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים אֲפִלּוּ שִׂיחָה קַלָּה שֶׁבֵּין אָדָם לְאִשְׁתּוֹ עָתִיד לִתֵּן עָלֶיהָ אֶת הַדִּין. וְלֹא יִהְיוּ שְׁנֵיהֶם לֹא שִׁכּוֹרִים וְלֹא עַצְלָנִים וְלֹא עַצְבָּנִים, וְלֹא אֶחָד מֵהֶן. וְלֹא תִּהְיֶה יְשֵׁנָה. וְלֹא יֶאֱנֹס אוֹתָהּ וְהִיא אֵינָהּ רוֹצָה אֶלָּא בִּרְצוֹן שְׁנֵיהֶם וּבְשִׂמְחָתָם. יְסַפֵּר וְיִשְׂחַק מְעַט עִמָּהּ כְּדֵי שֶׁתִּתְיַשֵּׁב נַפְשָׁהּ וְיִבְעל בְּבוּשָׁה וְלֹא בְּעַזּוּת וְיִפְרשׁ מִיָּד:

Even though a man's wife is always permitted to him, it is fitting for a Torah scholar to conduct himself with sanctity and not be found with his wife [constantly] like a rooster, but rather [he should limit his conjugal relations with his wife] from [one] Shabbat evening to [another] Shabbat evening (once a week) if he has the strength. And when he speaks with her, he should not speak at the beginning of the night when he is satiated and his belly is full, and not at the end of the night when he is hungry, but rather in the middle of the night when the food in his intestines has been digested. He should not be excessively lightheaded with her and he should not make his mouth vulgar with meaningless words - and even between him and her [alone]. Behold, it is stated in the words of tradition (Amos 4:13), "and He tells a man his conversation." The sages said (Chagigah 5b), "Even for a light conversation between a man and his wife will he have to account in the future." And the two of them should not be drunk and not listless and not agitated - and not [even] one of them. And she should not be asleep, and he should not force her when she does not want, but rather it should be the wish of both of them and in their joy. He should speak and laugh with her a little, in order to calm her soul, and [then] he should have sexual relations with embarrassment - and not with brazenness - and he should separate immediately.

כָּל הַנּוֹהֵג מִנְהָג זֶה לֹא דַּי לוֹ שֶׁקִּדֵּשׁ נַפְשׁוֹ וְטִהֵר עַצְמוֹ וְתִקֵּן דֵּעוֹתָיו אֶלָּא שֶׁאִם הָיוּ לוֹ בָּנִים יִהְיוּ נָאִים וּבַיְשָׁנִים רְאוּיִין לְחָכְמָה וְלַחֲסִידוּת. וְכָל הַנּוֹהֵג בְּמִנְהֲגוֹת שְׁאָר הָעָם הַהוֹלְכִים בַּחשֶׁךְ יִהְיוּ לוֹ בָּנִים כְּמוֹ אוֹתָם הָעָם:

It is not enough that anyone who conducts himself according to this practice will sanctify his soul and purify himself and improve his dispositions, but [also] if he has children, they will be pleasant and bashful, fitting for wisdom and for piety. And anyone who conducts himself according to the practices of the rest of the people that walk in darkness, will have his children be like those people.

צְנִיעוּת גְּדוֹלָה נוֹהֲגִים תַּלְמִידֵי חֲכָמִים בְּעַצְמָן. לֹא יִתְבַּזּוּ וְלֹא יִתְגַּלּוּ רֹאשָׁן וְלֹא גּוּפָן. וַאֲפִלּוּ בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁיִּכָּנֵס לְבֵית הַכִּסֵּא יְהֵא צָנוּעַ וְלֹא יְגַלֶּה בְּגָדָיו עַד שֶׁיֵּשֵׁב. וְלֹא יְקַנֵּחַ בְּיָמִין. וְיִתְרַחֵק מִכָּל אָדָם. וְיִכָּנֵס חֶדֶר לִפְנִים מֵחֶדֶר מְעָרָה לִפְנִים מִן הַמְּעָרָה וְנִפְנֶה. וְאִם נִפְנֶה אֲחוֹרֵי הַגָּדֵר יִתְרַחֵק כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִשְׁמַע חֲבֵרוֹ קוֹלוֹ אִם נִתְעַטֵּשׁ. וְאִם נִפְנֶה בְּבִקְעָה יַרְחִיק כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִרְאֶה חֲבֵרוֹ פֵּרוּעוֹ. וְלֹא יְדַבֵּר כְּשֶׁהוּא נִפְנֶה אֲפִלּוּ לְצֹרֶךְ גָּדוֹל. וּכְדֶרֶךְ שֶׁנּוֹהֵג צְנִיעוּת בַּיּוֹם בְּבֵית הַכִּסֵּא כָּךְ נוֹהֵג בַּלַּיְלָה. וּלְעוֹלָם יְלַמֵּד אָדָם עַצְמוֹ לְהִפָּנוֹת שַׁחֲרִית וְעַרְבִית בִּלְבַד כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִתְרַחֵק:

Torah scholars conduct themselves with great modesty. They do not disgrace themselves and do not reveal their heads nor their bodies. And even at the time that he goes to the toilet, he is modest and he does not remove his clothing until he sits. And he does not wipe with his right hand. And he distances himself [at that time] from all people, and he enters to a room behind a room, a cave behind a cave and relieves himself. If he relieves himself behind a fence, he should distance himself in order that his fellow should not hear the sound if he passes gas. And if he relieves himself in a valley, he should distance himself in order that [his fellow] should not see him reveal himself. And he should not speak when he relieves himself, even for a great need. And in the way that he practices modesty during the day, so should he practice [it] at night. And a person should always teach himself to relieve himself only in the morning and in the evening [when few people are out], so that he not [need to] go far away.

תַּלְמִיד חָכָם לֹא יְהֵא צוֹעֵק וְצוֹוֵחַ בִּשְׁעַת דִּבּוּרוֹ כִּבְהֵמוֹת וְחַיּוֹת. וְלֹא יַגְבִּיהַּ קוֹלוֹ בְּיוֹתֵר אֶלָּא דִּבּוּרוֹ בְּנַחַת עִם כָּל הַבְּרִיּוֹת. וּכְשֶׁיְּדַבֵּר בְּנַחַת יִזָּהֵר שֶׁלֹּא יִתְרַחֵק עַד שֶׁיֵּרָאֶה כְּדִבְרֵי גַּסֵּי הָרוּחַ. וּמַקְדִּים שָׁלוֹם לְכָל הָאָדָם כְּדֵי שֶׁתְּהֵא רוּחָן נוֹחָה הֵימֶנּוּ. וְדָן אֶת כָּל הָאָדָם לְכַף זְכוּת. מְסַפֵּר בְּשֶׁבַח חֲבֵרוֹ וְלֹא בִּגְנוּתוֹ כְּלָל. אוֹהֵב שָׁלוֹם וְרוֹדֵף שָׁלוֹם. אִם רוֹאֶה שֶׁדְּבָרָיו מוֹעִילִים וְנִשְׁמָעִים אוֹמֵר וְאִם לָאו שׁוֹתֵק. כֵּיצַד. לֹא יְרַצֶּה חֲבֵרוֹ בִּשְׁעַת כַּעֲסוֹ. וְלֹא יִשְׁאַל לוֹ עַל נִדְרוֹ בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנָּדַר עַד שֶׁתִּתְקָרֵר דַּעְתּוֹ וְיָנוּחַ. וְלֹא יְנַחֲמֶנּוּ בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁמֵּתוֹ מֻטָּל לְפָנָיו מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא בָּהוּל עַד שֶׁיִּקְבְּרֵהוּ. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בְּאֵלּוּ. וְלֹא יִרְאֶה לַחֲבֵרוֹ בִּשְׁעַת קַלְקָלָתוֹ אֶלָּא יַעֲלִים עֵינָיו מִמֶּנּוּ. וְלֹא יְשַׁנֶּה בְּדִבּוּרוֹ. וְלֹא יוֹסִיף וְלֹא יִגְרַע אֶלָּא בְּדִבְרֵי שָׁלוֹם וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. כְּלָלוֹ שֶׁל דָּבָר אֵינוֹ מְדַבֵּר אֶלָּא בְּדִבְרֵי חָכְמָה אוֹ בִּגְמִילוּת חֲסָדִים וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. וְלֹא יְסַפֵּר עִם אִשָּׁה בַּשּׁוּק וַאֲפִלּוּ הִיא אִשְׁתּוֹ אוֹ אֲחוֹתוֹ אוֹ בִּתּוֹ:

A Torah scholar should not shout and scream while he speaks, like animals and beasts. And he should not raise his voice excessively. Rather, he should speak pleasantly with all [people]. But in speaking pleasantly, he should be careful not to distance himself [from his interlocutor], such that he appears [to speak] like a haughty person. And he should be the first to greet all people so that they derive pleasure from him. And he should judge every person favorably, recount the praises of his fellow and never his disgrace, love peace and pursue peace. If he sees that his words are constructive and will be heard, he should speak; and if not, he should remain silent. How is this? He should not [attempt to] appease his fellow in the moment of his anger, nor question him about his vow at the time that he made it, [rather he should wait] until his mind has cooled down and he is calm, and he should not console him while the deceased lies before him, because he is agitated until he has buried [the deceased]. And so on for all similar situations. And he should not look upon his fellow in the hour of his ruin, rather he should avert his eyes from him. And he should not distort [the reality] with his speech, not adding and not subtracting [from the truth], except in words of peace and the like. The principle of the matter is [that] he should only speak words of wisdom or kindness and things like them. And he should not converse with a woman in the marketplace, even if she is his wife or his sister or his daughter.

לֹא יֵלֵךְ תַּלְמִיד חָכָם בְּקוֹמָה זְקוּפָה וְגָרוֹן נָטוּי כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה ג טז) "וַתֵּלַכְנָה נְטוּיוֹת גָּרוֹן וּמְשַׂקְּרוֹת עֵינָיִם". וְלֹא יְהַלֵּךְ עָקֵב בְּצַד גּוּדָל בְּנַחַת כְּמוֹ הַנָּשִׁים וְגַסֵּי הָרוּחַ כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה ג טז) "הָלוֹךְ וְטָפֹף תֵּלַכְנָה וּבְרַגְלֵיהֶם תְּעַכַּסְנָה". וְלֹא יָרוּץ בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים כְּמִנְהַג מְשֻׁגָּעִים. וְלֹא יִכְפֹּף קוֹמָתוֹ כְּבַעֲלֵי חֲטוֹטֶרֶת. אֶלָּא מִסְתַּכֵּל לְמַטָּה כְּמוֹ שֶׁהוּא עוֹמֵד בִּתְפִלָּה. וּמְהַלֵּךְ בַּשּׁוּק כְּאָדָם שֶׁהוּא טָרוּד בַּעֲסָקָיו. גַּם מִמַּהֲלָכוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם נִכָּר אִם חָכָם וּבַעַל דֵּעָה הוּא אוֹ שׁוֹטֶה וְסָכָל. וְכֵן אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה בְּחָכְמָתוֹ (קהלת י ג) "וְגַם בַּדֶּרֶךְ כְּשֶׁסָּכָל הֹלֵךְ לִבּוֹ חָסֵר וְאָמַר לַכֹּל סָכָל הוּא". הוּא מוֹדִיעַ לַכֹּל עַל עַצְמוֹ שֶׁהוּא סָכָל:

A Torah scholar should not walk with a (completely) upright posture and with an outstretched neck, as the matter that is stated (Isaiah 3:16), "and walk with outstretched necks and with roving eyes." And he should not walk with the heel next to the toe - nonchalantly - like women and haughty ones, as it states (Isaiah 3:16), "and walking with a mincing gait, making a tinkling with their feet.” And he should not run in a public area, like the custom of the crazy ones. And he should not bend his posture, like those with a hunchback. Rather, he should look down as if he were standing in prayer. And he should walk in the marketplace like a man who is absorbed by his affairs. Even in a person's walk, it is recognizable if he is a wise and intelligent person or an imbecile and a fool. And so did Shlomo say in his wisdom (Ecclesiastes 10:3), "And also on the way, when the fool walks, his mind is lacking; and he says to all that he is a fool" - he informs all about himself, that he is a fool.

מַלְבּוּשׁ תַּלְמִיד חָכָם מַלְבּוּשׁ נָאֶה וְנָקִי. וְאָסוּר לוֹ שֶׁיִּמָּצֵא בְּבִגְדוֹ כֶּתֶם אוֹ שַׁמְנוּנִית וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. וְלֹא יִלְבַּשׁ לֹא מַלְבּוּשׁ מְלָכִים כְּגוֹן בִּגְדֵי זָהָב וְאַרְגָּמָן שֶׁהַכּל מִסְתַּכְּלִין בָּהֶן. וְלֹא מַלְבּוּשׁ עֲנִיִּים שֶׁהוּא מְבַזֶּה אֶת לוֹבְשָׁיו אֶלָּא בְּגָדִים בֵּינוֹנִים נָאִים. וְלֹא יְהֵא בְּשָׂרוֹ נִרְאֶה מִתַּחַת מַדָּיו כְּמוֹ בִּגְדֵי הַפִּשְׁתָּן הַקַּלִּים בְּיוֹתֵר שֶׁעוֹשִׂים בְּמִצְרַיִם. וְלֹא יִהְיוּ בְּגָדָיו סְחוּבִין עַל הָאָרֶץ כְּמוֹ בִּגְדֵי גַּסֵּי הָרוּחַ אֶלָּא עַד עֲקֵבוֹ וּבֵית יָד שֶׁלּוֹ עַד רָאשֵׁי אֶצְבְּעוֹתָיו. וְלֹא יְשַׁלְשֵׁל טַלִּיתוֹ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁנִּרְאֶה כְּגַסּוּת הָרוּחַ אֶלָּא בְּשַׁבָּת בִּלְבַד אִם אֵין לוֹ לְהַחֲלִיף. וְלֹא יִנְעַל מִנְעָלִים מְטֻלָּאִים טְלַאי עַל גַּבֵּי טְלַאי בִּימוֹת הַחַמָּה. אֲבָל בִּימוֹת הַגְּשָׁמִים מֻתָּר אִם הָיָה עָנִי. לֹא יֵצֵא מְבֻשָּׂם לַשּׁוּק וְלֹא בִּבְגָדִים מְבֻשָּׂמִים וְלֹא יָשִׂים בּשֶֹׁם בִּשְׂעָרוֹ. אֲבָל אִם מָשַׁח בְּשָׂרוֹ בְּבשֶֹׁם כְּדֵי לְהַעֲבִיר אֶת הַזֻּהֲמָא מֻתָּר. וְכֵן לֹא יֵצֵא יְחִידִי בַּלַּיְלָה. אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן הָיָה לוֹ זְמַן קָבוּעַ לָצֵאת בּוֹ לְתַלְמוּדוֹ. כָּל אֵלּוּ מִפְּנֵי הַחֲשָׁד:

The clothing of a Torah scholar should be pleasant and clean. And it is forbidden that there be found a strain or grease or the like on his garment. And he should not wear the clothes of kings - for example, garments of gold and purple that all stare at - nor the clothes of the poor that disgrace their wearer, but rather pleasant mid-level garments. And his flesh should not be visible under his garb like [with] the excessively light linen garments that they make in Egypt. And his garments should not drag on the ground like the garments of the haughty, but rather [they should descend] to his heel, and his sleeve [should extend] to the tips of his fingers. And his cloak should not be hiked down - because it appears like haughtiness - except only on Shabbat, if he does not have [another special cloak] to change [into]. And he should not wear patched shoes - patches on top of patches - in the winter. However, in the summer it is permitted, if he was poor. He should not be perfumed when he walks into the marketplace and not [walk there] with perfumed clothing, and he should not put perfume into his hair. However, if he anointed his flesh with perfume to remove the stench, it is permissible. And so [too], he should not go out alone at night, unless he had a set time to go out to his studies. All of [the latter] are [in order to avoid causing] suspicion [of immoral behavior].

תַּלְמִיד חָכָם מְכַלְכֵּל דְּבָרָיו בְּמִשְׁפָּט. אוֹכֵל וְשׁוֹתֶה וְזָן אֶת אַנְשֵׁי בֵּיתוֹ כְּפִי מָמוֹנוֹ וְהַצְלָחָתוֹ. וְלֹא יַטְרִיחַ עַל עַצְמוֹ יוֹתֵר מִדַּאי. צִוּוּ חֲכָמִים בְּדֶרֶךְ אֶרֶץ שֶׁלֹּא יֹאכַל אָדָם בָּשָׂר אֶלָּא לְתֵאָבוֹן. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יב כ) "כִּי תְאַוֶּה נַפְשְׁךָ לֶאֱכל בָּשָׂר". דַּיּוֹ לַבָּרִיא לֶאֱכל בָּשָׂר מֵעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת לְעֶרֶב שַׁבָּת. וְאִם הָיָה עָשִׁיר כְּדֵי לֶאֱכל בָּשָׂר בְּכָל יוֹם אוֹכֵל. צִוּוּ חֲכָמִים וְאָמְרוּ לְעוֹלָם יֹאכַל אָדָם פָּחוֹת מִן הָרָאוּי לוֹ לְפִי מָמוֹנוֹ וְיִלְבַּשׁ כָּרָאוּי לוֹ וִיכַבֵּד אִשְׁתּוֹ וּבָנָיו יוֹתֵר מִן הָרָאוּי לוֹ:

A Torah scholar finances his matters orderly. He eats and drinks and feeds the people of his household according to his money and his success, and he does not overburden himself. The sages commanded about the way of the world (Chullin 84a), that a person should only eat meat from desire, as it states (Deuteronomy 12:20), "since your soul desires to eat meat." It is enough for the healthy person to eat meat from [one] Shabbat eve to [another] Shabbat eve (once a week). And if he is rich in order that he can [afford to] eat meat every day, he should eat [it every day]. The rabbis commanded and said (Chullin 84b), [that] a person should always eat less than befits him according to his money, dress as befits him and honor his wife and children more than befits him.

דֶּרֶךְ בַּעֲלֵי דֵּעָה שֶׁיִּקְבַּע לוֹ אָדָם מְלָאכָה הַמְפַרְנֶסֶת אוֹתוֹ תְּחִלָּה. וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִקְנֶה בֵּית דִּירָה. וְאַחַר כָּךְ יִשָּׂא אִשָּׁה. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כ ו) "מִי הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר נָטַע כֶּרֶם וְלֹא חִלְּלוֹ". (דברים כ ה) "מִי הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר בָּנָה בַיִת חָדָשׁ וְלֹא חֲנָכוֹ". (דברים כ ז) "מִי הָאִישׁ אֲשֶׁר אֵרַשׂ אִשָּׁה וְלֹא לְקָחָהּ". אֲבָל הַטִּפְּשִׁין מַתְחִילִין לִשָּׂא אִשָּׁה וְאַחַר כָּךְ אִם תִּמְצָא יָדוֹ יִקְנֶה בַּיִת וְאַחַר כָּךְ בְּסוֹף יָמָיו יְחַזֵּר לְבַקֵּשׁ אֻמָּנוּת אוֹ יִתְפַּרְנֵס מִן הַצְּדָקָה. וְכֵן הוּא אוֹמֵר בַּקְּלָלוֹת (דברים כח ל) "אִשָּׁה תְאָרֵשׂ" (דברים כח ל) "בַּיִת תִּבְנֶה" (דברים כח ל) "כֶּרֶם תִּטַּע". כְּלוֹמַר יִהְיוּ מַעֲשֶׂיךָ הֲפוּכִין כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא תַּצְלִיחַ אֶת דְּרָכֶיךָ. וּבַבְּרָכָה הוּא אוֹמֵר (שמואל א יח יד) "וַיְהִי דָוִד לְכָל דְּרָכָו מַשְׂכִּיל וַה' עִמּוֹ":

The way of intelligent people is that a man should first establish an occupation that will support him, and after that buy a home, and after that marry a woman, as it states (Deuteronomy 20:6), "What man is there that planted a vineyard, and has not used the fruit thereof?"; (Deuteronomy 20:5) "What man is there that has built a new house, and has not dedicated it?"; (Deuteronomy 20:6) "What man is there that has betrothed a wife, and has not taken her?" But the foolish begin with marrying a woman, and after that, if he can afford it, he buys a house, and after that, at the end of his life, he will turn around and seek out a trade or will support himself from charity. And similarly it said among the curses (Deuteronomy 28:30), "You shall betroth a wife[...] you shall build a house[...] you shall plant a vineyard," which is to say, your deeds shall be backwards so that your ways will not be successful. But in the blessing it says (I Samuel 18:14), "And David was discerning in all his ways; and the Lord was with him."

וְאָסוּר לוֹ לָאָדָם לְהַפְקִיר אוֹ לְהַקְדִּישׁ כָּל נְכָסָיו וְיַטְרִיחַ עַל הַבְּרִיּוֹת. וְלֹא יִמְכֹּר שָׂדֶה וְיִקְנֶה בַּיִת וְלֹא בַּיִת וְיִקְנֶה מִטַּלְטְלִין אוֹ יַעֲשֶׂה סְחוֹרָה בִּדְמֵי בֵּיתוֹ. אֲבָל מוֹכֵר הוּא מִטַּלְטְלִין וְקוֹנֶה שָׂדֶה. כְּלָלוֹ שֶׁל דָּבָר יָשִׂים מְגַמָּתוֹ לְהַצְלִיחַ נְכָסָיו וּלְהַחֲלִיף הַכָּלֶה בְּקַיָּם. וְלֹא תִּהְיֶה כַּוָּנָתוֹ לֵהָנוֹת מְעַט לְפִי שָׁעָה אוֹ לֵהָנוֹת מְעַט וְיַפְסִיד הַרְבֵּה:

And it is forbidden for a person to abandon or consecrate all of his property and become a burden on the creatures. And he should not sell his field [in order to] buy a house, and not a house [in order to] buy movable goods or to do business with the money from [the sale of] his house. But [rather], he should sell his movable goods and buy a field. The general principle of the matter is that he make a strategy for the success of his property and exchange the non-durable for the durable. His intention should not be to derive a small temporary benefit or to benefit a little and lose much.

מַשָּׂאוֹ וּמַתָּנוֹ שֶׁל תַּלְמִיד חָכָם בֶּאֱמֶת וּבֶאֱמוּנָה. אוֹמֵר עַל לָאו לָאו וְעַל הֵן הֵן. מְדַקְדֵּק עַל עַצְמוֹ בְּחֶשְׁבּוֹן וְנוֹתֵן וּמְוַתֵּר לַאֲחֵרִים כְּשֶׁיִּקַּח מֵהֶן וְלֹא יְדַקְדֵּק עֲלֵיהֶן. וְנוֹתֵן דְּמֵי הַמִּקָּח לְאַלְתַּר וְאֵינוֹ נַעֲשֶׂה לֹא עָרֵב וְלֹא קַבְּלָן וְלֹא יָבוֹא בְּהַרְשָׁאָה. (אֵינוֹ) מְחַיֵּב עַצְמוֹ בְּדִבְרֵי מִקָּח וּמִמְכָּר בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁלֹּא חִיְּבָה אוֹתוֹ תּוֹרָה. כְּדֵי שֶׁיַּעֲמֹד בְּדִבּוּרוֹ וְלֹא יְשַׁנֵּהוּ. וְאִם נִתְחַיְּבוּ לוֹ אֲחֵרִים בַּדִּין מַאֲרִיךְ וּמוֹחֵל לָהֶן וּמַלְוֶה וְחוֹנֵן. וְלֹא יֵרֵד לְתוֹךְ אֻמָּנוּת חֲבֵרוֹ. וְלֹא יָצֵר לְאָדָם לְעוֹלָם בְּחַיָּיו. כְּלָלוֹ שֶׁל דָּבָר יִהְיֶה מִן הַנִּרְדָּפִים וְלֹא מִן הָרוֹדְפִים מִן הַנֶּעֱלָבִים וְלֹא מִן הָעוֹלְבִים. וְאָדָם שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה כָּל הַמַּעֲשִׂים הָאֵלּוּ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן עָלָיו הַכָּתוּב אוֹמֵר וַיֹּאמֶר לִי עַבְדִּי אָתָּה יִשְׂרָאֵל אֲשֶׁר בְּךָ אֶתְפָּאָר:

A Torah scholar must conduct his negotiations with truth and faith. He says no [when it is] no, and yes [when it is] yes. He is exacting with himself in accounts, and giving and ceding to others when he buys from them - and he does not get exacting with them. And he gives the money for the purchase immediately. And he must not be a guarantor, and not an intermediary for a loan, and not come as the collector [for someone else's loan]. He (does not) obligates himself in commerce when the Torah has not obligated him, so that he fulfill his word and not change it. And if others owed him according to the law, he should be patient and forgive them, and lend and give grace. And he should not [compete with his fellow in business], and never cause anguish to any man in the world as long as he lives. The general principle of the matter is to be one of the pursued and not one of the pursuers, one of the offended, and not one of the offenders. And about a person who does all of these actions and those similar to them, Scripture says about him (Isaiah 49, 3), "And He said to me, 'You are My servant, Israel, in whom I will be glorified.'".